-
the son of Henry VII (the first
Tudor King) -
Henry was 17 when he became king in 1509. He died in
1547.
• He had six wives. Two were divorced and two beheaded.
• Three of his children reigned after him: Edward, Mary and
Elizabeth.
• He is one of the most famous and emblematic English Kings. -
In 1517, Pope Leo X sold indulgences in order to
rebuild St Peter’s Basilica in Rome. He sold many of
them to a bishop who then in turn sold indulgences to
individuals, giving the Pope a 50% commission -
On 31 October, 1517, Luther nailed this
devastating critique of the Indulgences to the
door of the University in Wittenberg. -
He was excommunicated (expelled from the
Church) in 1521 and declared a heretic. -
Martin Luther translated the Bible in
German (the New Testament was first
published in 1522 and was widely
disseminated). -
In England, the Tyndale Bible was
published in 1526 = William Tyndale
translated the New Testament into
English -
According to him, this marriage was doomed.
Because Catherine of Aragon had first been married
to his brother, Arthur, before he died in 1502
(tuberculosis?).
The book of Leviticus forbade the marriage of man
with his brother’s wife: "And if a man shall take his
brother's wife, it is an unclean thing : ...they shall be
childless.” (And Henry had no male heir!) -
-
It gave the King the legal power to annul marriages.
-
(1534: Act of Succession: made Anne Boleyn a legitimate
Queen) -
Act of Supremacy that founded the Anglican Church
and made King Henry VIII the sole leader and
supreme of the Church -
• Under his reign, the church of England separated from the
Roman Catholic Church (1534). This is called a schism. -
They were disbanded (dissous)
and the Crown appropriated their income
and land (and at the time Church owned
25% of the land!)
o So the dissolution of the monasteries was
in effect a kind of nationalisation
o The valuables were confiscated and
melted down -
In 1537 permission was given for an English
Bible and not a Latin one. They were soon
made mandatory in every church. -
Held in the Italian city of
Trent = the symbol of Counter Reformation
o the Roman Catholic church attempted to correct
some of the abuses of the church
o and harshly condemned protestant heresies -
He was the son of Henry VIII and Jane
Seymour
• He was only 9 when his father died
• Edward Seymour, Earl of Hertford and soon
to be Duke of Somerset, the new King's
eldest uncle, became Lord Protector.
• During his reign a series of measures pushed
England towards Protestantism
Edward VI was 15 when he died from tuberculosis in 1553 -
Revision of the mass-book, led to the
publication of the Book of Common Prayer in
1549
Roman Catholic practices (including statues
and stained glass) were eradicated. -
In 1553, Mary I (Tudor) became the first Queen of England
Daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine of
Aragon
• First Queen regnant
• Was 37 years old
• She restored Catholicism in 18 months.
• She repealed the Protestant legislation of
her father and half-brother. -
This established the idea that central and local governments had a
responsibility for helping the poor.
• BUT it also established a distinction between the “deserving poor” and the
“undeserving poor”.
• Very harsh laws against beggars and vagrants
SOME LAWS PASSED IN 1597 AND 1601. -
She was married to the Catholic
Philip II of Spain.
• The marriage made her ally with Spain
• Many people in England opposed this
marriage
• Her popularity declined rapidly
Protestantism was confined to secrecy
as heretics were burned between • Under Mary’s brief reign, over 200
Protestants went to the stake
• Protestants were forced to leave the
country and fled to the Continent
(Switzerland where they were taught
the teachings of Calvin) = they were
the “Marian exiles”. -
Elisabeth I, born on September 7, 1533 at Placentia Palace in London and died on March 24, 1603
She was queen of England and Ireland from 1558 until her death. Elizabeth was the daughter of King Henry VIII, and the fifth and last member of the Tudor dynasty on the English throne. -
Church organisation
• abolished the authority of the Pope
• restored the authority of the Queen over the Church
•Elizabeth I became “Supreme Governor of the Church of England”. -
Religious belief
• every parish had to use the Book of Common Prayer
• people who did not attend an Anglican service were fined. -
“whomever you
want, wherever you want”
- The Queen had many suitors (prétendants):
Count of Arundel, Robert Dudley, King of Sweden, Archduke of Austria,
the Third and Fourth sons of Henry II, Duc d’Anjou, Duc d’Alençon, etc.
- Marriage was seen as women’s natural condition -
Doctrine
• stated the doctrine (religious belief) of the Church
• 3 important changes : a new ecclesiology (conception of the Church) / a new doctrine of
Salvation (doctrine du salut) / a new definition of sacraments and of the mass
• still in use today -
o Rebellion against religious reforms.
o 6000 insurgents.
o An attempt to replace Queen
Elizabeth by Mary, Queen of Scots.
o The revolt was led by the Earls of
Westmorland and Northumberland.
o It was crushed. -
1570: Pope Pius V issued the papal bull “Regnans in
Excelsis”
- it called Elizabeth “The so-called queen” (!), “a
heretic favouring heretics”.
- It excommunicated Elizabeth
= almost giving Catholics licence to kill her with the
certainty that it would not be seen as a crime by
Rome. -
made it
treason for anyone to say that Elizabeth was not
the true Queen of England and Wales -
163 persons killed during
repression in 26 years -
(“Act to retain the
Queen’s Majesty’s Subjects in
their due Obedience”):
• It provided for the death
penalty for any person
converting, or already
converted to Catholicism.
• It was now forbidden to
participate or celebrate the
Catholic Mass
• Anglican services were
compulsory: £20 per month
fine. -
Young Catholics had sworn to kill Elizabeth and put Mary
Stuart on the throne but their strategies were discovered
by Francis Walsingham, when he managed to decipher a
coded letter between Marie Stuart and this group. -
Mary Queen of Scots ( Mary Stuart (1542-1587))
She was the daughter of King James V of Scotland and
Mary of Guise.
In 1568, Mary was involved in a civil war in
Scotland, and had to flee to England. Elizabeth
granted her shelter but kept her under close
watch (virtually a prisoner in England for 19
years).
Because she was a threat to Elizabeth
She was executed in
1587 in
Fotheringham
Castle, wearing a
bright red dress, the
colour of Catholic
martyrs. -
Philip II, the Catholic King of Spain
supported several plots against Elizabeth
In retaliation, and to support the cause of
Protestantism, Elizabeth supported the
Dutch Revolt against Spain
As a result, the King of Spain attempted to
invade England
A complete defeat, England was victorious -
The queen made this speech in Tilbury, Essex, in order to rally
the troops who were preparing to repel the invasion of the
Spanish Armada:
“I know I have the body of a weak woman but I have the heart and
stomach of a king, and a King of England too”. -
1600: East India Company founded by royal charter It began to build up a small empire of trading posts in India. Three main trading settlements: Bombay (Mumbai), Calicut (Calcutta), Madras (Chennai) The East India Company allowed England to control the trade of luxury goods like spices, cotton, silk
and tea from India and China, and influenced politics. -
(at the age of 69)
She had secured the position of England in the world
She had imposed Protestantism
Her heir was the son of her cousin Mary Queen of Scots (Mary Stuart) -
James VI of Scotland: became James I
of England. -
A conspiracy devised by a small group of Catholics to blow up Parliament and kill James I.
-
Virginia became the 1st permanent
English settlement in North America in
1607. Area named after the Virgin Queen.
This initiative resulted in the colonial
empire of the 17th and 18th centuries -
1607: establishment of Jamestown in Virginia The first permanent settlement
(1585 : a failed attempt by Sir Walter Raleigh to establish a settlement in Roanoke, Virginia) Named after James I -
- Period of starvation, only 60 of the 500 colonists survived!
- Why?
Shortage of drinkable water
Insufficient growing of crops
Conflicts with the Native Powhatan tribe
- Some settlers even turned to cannibalism
-
a new English translation of the Bible (the King James’ Bible) completed in 1611
-
Discovered by John Rolfe (a Jamestown settler) helped by his wife Pocahontas (daughter of the Powhatan’s chief) who taught him Indian techniques of cultivation
A huge success -
-
They requested the King to recognise the illegality of extra-parliamentary taxation, billeting, martial law, imprisonment without trial.
Wanted to get Charles to recognise that there were limits to his powers
Charles reluctantly signed it but was furious, and as MPs were discussing impeaching Lord Buckingham again, he suspended parliament seating. -
Declared that whoever tried to bring in “Popery or Arminianism” or to alter the protestant forms of the Church of England was an enemy of the Kingdom
as well as anyone advising the King to collect custom duties without Parliament’s consent = an act of open defiance!
Charles imprisoned these MPs and dissolves parliament.
He declared there would be no more parliaments = start of the “Personal Rule” -
11 years when the King ruled without calling a parliament
Whig historians called it “The Eleven Years Tyranny” -
(Book of Common Prayer) set Scotland aflame.
The changes were deemed unacceptable (new position of the altar, kneeling, etc). -
The riot would soon turn into a widespread rebellion known as the Bishops’ Wars
-
Scotland was Calvinist
(Protestant too, but different religious practices /England)
The Kirk = the Church of Scotland
The General Assembly = the Kirk’s governing body -
The Scottish General Assembly removed the bishops.
To Charles, this was an act of open rebellion.
Scotland and England both started to form an army
The Bishops’ Wars -
Peace Treaty (Treaty of Ripon, Oct 1640): Charles was forced to pay the cost of the Scots’ army (humiliation!)
Charles had to call parliament again: “The Long Parliament”
(Because it would not be dissolved until 1660) -
an important document voted by Parliament after heated debates.
It summarized all the wrong doing of Charles I and concluded on “revolutionary” demands:
the right of the House of commons to choose the King’s ministers.The right for Parliament to control any army sent to Ireland
the right for Parliament to reform the Church.
The text divided Parliament into 2 groups:
The PARLIAMENTARIANS VS The ROYALISTS -
In October 1641, an armed revolt broke out in Ireland: The Irish Rebellion James I (Charles’ father) had implemented a plantation policy = sending English and Scottish protestant colonists to Ireland, taking the lands of Irish Catholics
In Oct 1641, Irish Catholics rebels rose up against Protestant settlers
Massacre of 3 000/4 000 protestants
Rumours: Irish atrocities, 200 000 protestants massacred (fuelled the anti-Catholic sentiment in England) (cf brochure p. 29) -
-
A new army created in 1644
by the Parliamentarians
Unlike the earlier regional armies, this was a national, centralized army, controlled and paid from Westminster rather than the counties Strong of 22 000 men
Armed with swords, pistols, pikes.
Wearing the redcoat
Religious fervour (nicknamed the “praying army”, soldiers carried Bibles in their breast pockets), convinced that the army was acting on God’s behalf -
The June 1645 Battle of Naseby was a turning point and saw the Royalist forces weaken.
-
he First civil war would cost the lives of 190 000 Englishmen
(in combat/from diseases) and last for four years. -
Nov 1647: the King escaped from army custody and allied himself with the Scots (he promised to introduce Presbyterianism/Calvinism into England, in return the Scottish army would invade England and restore him to power)
Horrified Parliament (using a foreign army to wage war on his own people!) and led to the Second Civil War
A series of revolts happened in the South of England, Wales and Scotland
The Royalists were easily defeated by Cromwell
Very short : January-Autumn 1648 -
the king
Charles I is executed in 1649 -
The Interregnum (1649-1660)
= between 2 reigns, between 2 kings
England declared a “Commonwealth” = governed by its people without a King
But failure to reach stability and creation of a military protectorate ruled by Cromwell -
The Commonwealth (1649-1653)
A law abolished monarchy (described as “unnecessary, burdensome and dangerous”)
The House of Lords was abolished
The House of Commons had supreme authority
England was declared a Commonwealth
Ruled as a Republic -
Blasphemy Act 1650
The Quaker James Nayler who imitated Christ’s entry into Jerusalem was harshly punished -
20 April 1653 Cromwell dissolved the Rump. Ordered the MPs to leave
Next Parliament: “The Barebones Parliament”
But internal tensions, the Barebones Parliament dissolved -
The Protectorate was a MILITARY DICTATORSHIP
Similar to a monarchy without a King
CROMWELL appointed Lord Protector (‘King’? Nope)
Executive power (return to a govt of a single person)
Controlled the military, diplomacy
Ruling with the help of the legislative power: -
Oliver Cromwell, Lord General and Lord Protector (1653-1658)Cromwell died in 1658
His son Richard became Lord Protector but resigned after 6 months
This led to a period of Anarchy
7 governments in less than a year! People longed for a return to order, increasing support for monarchy -
1660: Charles II issued the Declaration of Breda.
It promised:
A general amnesty (pardon)
To continue religious toleration
To share power with Parliament
…in return for the restoration of monarchy. -
THE CLARENDON CODE: a series of laws passed during the first 5 years of Restoration
Repressive towards non conformists and dissenters
(= groups who lived their faith separate from the Anglican church, except for Catholics) -
It worked! King restored 29 May 1660 = The Restoration
-
The act of uniformity 1662: all ministers had to swear to conform to the Book of Common Prayer
-
1665 outbreak of Plague
-
1666 Great Fire of London
-
The Popish Plot 1678
Rumour of a plot organised by the French to murder Charles II and replace him by his Catholic brother James II
Fear: James as king would implement pro-Catholic politics + might try to restore absolute monarchy, threatening Parliament (Just look at Louis XIV: absolute monarch + persecution of protestants!) -
The Exclusion crisis, 1679-1681
Parliament attempted to debar James II from the succession to the English throne (!! Parliament trying to modify the rules of succession? Divine Right of Kings?)
Charles’ reaction: dissolving the Parliament. -
-
In 1688, Parliament invited the King’s son in law (William of Orange) to invade England and seize the crown!
He landed with an army of 15 000 men and met no resistance
James’ army disintegrated, officers deserted.
James II fled to France and William became King William III -
Toleration Act 1689: established religious pluralism,
and freedom of worship for all Protestants -
Lists King James’ misdeeds
Fixed limitations on the sovereign’s powers
Parliament had to consent to new laws
Parliament gained control over finances and over the army
No Catholic was to inherit the throne
Set out the rights of Parliament
Regular parliaments
Free elections
Freedom of speech in Parliament
Set out basic civil rights
Ex: Freedom from cruel and excessive punishment, freedom to bear arms
A key political text -
Ensured a Protestant succession, ignoring dozens of Catholic heirs
Successor: Hanoverian descendants of James I
Key role in the formation of the Kingdom
of Great Britain -
1707 Act of Union between England and Scotland
-
1710-14: War of the Spanish Succession (= Queen Anne’s War), Britain gained Acadia over the French
-
George I (1714-1727)
-
George II (1727-1760)
-
Britain gained Florida over the Spanish and (most of) Canada over the French
-
Expedition by James Cook in 1769.
-
The years were a turning point in British history, as the nation lost a huge part of its empire in the American War of Independence This marked the end of what is now called the ‘First British Empire’.
-
United Kingdom of Great Britain and the Kingdom of Ireland
Great Britain and Ireland
o After a first Act of Union in 1707 uniting the two
kingdoms of England and Scotland