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Spain was unified by marriage.
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He was king of Spain. Charles inherited an empire that stretched from Germany to the Americas.
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Charles I was King of Spain and Holy Roman emperor. Charles inherited an empire that stretched from Germany to the Americas.
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He was king of Spain and he was Lord of the Netherlands.
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He was the king of Spain and Lord of the Netherlands.
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He resigned because he was portrayed poorly.
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Two acts were passed by the parliament of England. They declared the king and his successors as the supreme head of the church replacing the pope. -
A very famous painter.
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It was divided because it was too big for Philip to take care of.
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Philip II was a member of the Habsburg dynasty. He served as king of the Spaniards from 1556 to 1598 and as king of the Portuguese (as Philip I) from 1580 to 1598. The Spanish empire under Philip prospered: it attained its greatest power, extent, and influence.
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Elizabeth succeeded to the throne on her half-sister's death in November 1558.
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The Battle of Lepanto was a naval engagement that took place on 7 October 1571 when a fleet of the Holy League. -
The St. Bartholomew's Day massacre in 1572 was a targeted group of assassinations and a wave of Catholic mob violence, directed against the Huguenots during the French Wars of Religion.
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Off the coast of Gravelines, France, Spain’s so-called “Invincible Armada” is defeated by an English naval force under the command of Lord Charles Howard and Sir Francis Drake. After eight hours of furious fighting, a change in wind direction prompted the Spanish to break off from the battle and retreat toward the North Sea. Its hopes of invasion crushed, the remnants of the Spanish Armada began a long and difficult journey back to Spain.
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He was the first monarch of France from the House of Bourbon
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Granted the Calvinist Protestants of France's rights.
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James was an advocate for absolutism.
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He helped people in England and in Scotland to study things such as science, literature, and art. James wrote Daemonologie in 1597, The True Law of Free Monarchies in 1598, Basilikon Doron in 1599, and a Counterblast to Tobacco in 1604.
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The book is considered by many to be the first modern novel.
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His paintings had elongated fingers.
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The Thirty Years' War was a conflict fought largely within the Holy Roman Empire from 1618 to 1648. Considered one of the most destructive wars in European history, estimates of total deaths caused by the conflict range from 4.5 to 8 million, while some areas of Germany experienced population declines of over 50%.
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The Defenestrations of Prague were three incidents in the history of Bohemia in which people were defenestrated. -
The Petition of Right was sent by English Parliament to King Charles I to complain about a series of breaches of law he had made. He was compelled to agree to the petition in order to receive money for his lifestyle and policies.
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The Long Parliament was an English Parliament which lasted from 1640 until 1660. It followed the fiasco of the Short Parliament, which had convened for only three weeks during the spring of 1640 after an 11-year parliamentary absence.
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Civil wars and political machinations between Parliamentarians.
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Born in 1638, Louis XIV succeeded his father, Louis XIII, as king at the age of five. He ruled for 72 years, until his death in 1715, making his reign the longest of any European monarch.
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The Peace of Westphalia is the collective name for two peace treaties signed in October 1648 in the Westphalian cities of Osnabrück and Münster.
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Seven years of fighting between Charles' supporters and Oliver Cromwell's Parliamentarians claimed the lives of thousands, and ultimately, of the King himself. -
Leviathan or The Matter, Forme and Power of a Commonwealth Ecclesiasticall and Civil, commonly referred to as Leviathan, is a book written by Thomas Hobbes (1588–1679) and published in 1651
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Was King of Great Britain and Ireland. Was restored to the throne after years of exile during the Puritan Commonwealth.
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He was the king of Great Britain and Ireland. The years of his reign are known in English history as the Restoration period.
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The Navigation Acts, or more broadly the Acts of Trade and Navigation, was a long series of English laws that developed, promoted, and regulated English ships, shipping, trade, and commerce between other countries and with its own colonies.
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It was a small country residence and, according to the Maréchal de Bassompierre, “a mere gentleman would not have been overly proud of the construction.” Louis XIII decided to rebuild it in 1631. Construction continued until 1634 and laid the basis of the Palace we know today.
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The Huguenots were persecuted by the French Catholic government during a violent period.
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The overthrow of the Catholic king James II.
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The bill outlined specific constitutional and civil rights
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Two Treatises of Government, a major statement of the political philosophy of the English philosopher John Locke, was published in 1689 but substantially composed some years before then.
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Philip V, also called Philippe, duc d'Anjou king of Spain from 1700 and founder of the Bourbon dynasty in Spain.
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Prussia was founded by Frederick III.
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The War of the Spanish Succession was a conflict involving many of the leading European powers that was triggered by the death in November 1700 of the childless Charles II of Spain. It established the principle that dynastic rights were secondary to maintaining the balance of power between different countries.
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Founded by Tsar Peter the Great on 27 May 1703. It became capital of the Russian Empire for more than two hundred years. St. Petersburg ceased being the capital in 1918 after the Russian Revolution of 1917.
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The Peace of Utrecht was a series of peace treaties signed by the belligerents in the War of the Spanish Succession, in the Dutch city of Utrecht between April 1713 and February 1715. The war involved three contenders for the vacant throne of Spain, and involved much of Europe for over a decade.
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Robert Walpole, 1st Earl of Orford, KG PC was a British statesman and Whig politician who is generally regarded as the de facto first Prime Minister of Great Britain.
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The first edition credited the work's protagonist Robinson Crusoe. -
Peter the Great was the 14th child of Czar Alexis by his second wife, Natalya Kirillovna Naryshkina. Having ruled jointly with his brother Ivan V from 1682, when Ivan died in 1696, Peter was officially declared Sovereign of all Russia.
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Gulliver's Travels, or Travels into Several Remote Nations of the World. In Four Parts. By Lemuel Gulliver, First a Surgeon, and then a Captain of Several Ships is a 1726 prose satire by the Anglo-Irish writer and clergyman Jonathan Swift, satirizing both human nature and the "travelers' tales" literary subgenre.
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A German composer and musician of the late Baroque period. He is known for his orchestral music such as the Brandenburg Concertos; instrumental compositions such as the Cello Suites; keyboard works such as the Goldberg Variations and The Well-Tempered Clavier; organ works such as the Schubler Chorales and the Toccata and Fugue in D minor; and vocal music such as the St Matthew Passion and the Mass in B minor.
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Maria Theresa (1717-1780), archduchess of Austria, Holy Roman Empress, and queen of Hungary and Bohemia, began her rule in 1740. She was the only woman ruler in the 650 histories of the Habsburg dynasty.
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The War of the Austrian Succession was the last great power conflict with the Bourbon-Habsburg dynastic conflict at its heart. It occurred from 1740 to 1748 and marked the rise of Prussia as a major power.
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The start of plays that are becoming concerts.
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French political philosopher Montesquieu was best known for The Spirit of Laws. One of the great works in the history of political theory and of jurisprudence. -
The encyclopedia is a twenty-eight-volume reference book published. -
The Seven Years' War is widely considered to be the first global conflict in history, and was a struggle for global pre-eminence between Great Britain and France. In Europe, the conflict arose from issues left unresolved by the War of the Austrian Succession, with Prussia seeking greater dominance.
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Candide, ou l'Optimisme is a French satire first published in 1759 by Voltaire, a philosopher of the Age of Enlightenment. The novella has been widely translated, with English versions titled Candide: or, All for the Best; Candide: or, The Optimist; and Candide: Optimism.
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He was King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.
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The Social Contract is a 1762 book in which Rousseau theorized about the best way to establish a political community in the face of the problems of commercial society, which he had already identified in his Discourse on Inequality.
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Catherine II most commonly known as Catherine the Great, was the last reigning Empress Regnant. -
Parliament passed the Stamp Act on March 22, 1765 and repealed it in 1766, but issued a Declaratory Act at the same time to reaffirm its authority to pass any colonial legislation it saw fit.
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A confrontation in Boston on March 5, 1770, in which a group of nine British soldiers killed three people of a crowd of three or four hundred. -
The Partitions of Poland were three partitions of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth that took place toward the end of the 18th century and ended the existence of the state, resulting in the elimination of sovereign Poland and Lithuania for 123 years.
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They organized colonial resistance to Parliament's Coercive Acts.
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The laws were passed after the Boston tea party.
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The Battles of Lexington and Concord were the first military engagements of the American Revolutionary War. The battles were fought on April 19, 1775. -
The Battles of Lexington and Concord were the first military engagements of the American Revolutionary War. -
An inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations. The magnum opus of the Scottish economists and moral philosopher Adam Smith. -
The first and largest signature was that of the president of Congress, John Hancock. July 4th some signed it then on August 2nd the rest signed it.
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The Articles of Confederation are finally ratified. The Articles were signed by Congress. -
The Battles of Saratoga marked the climax of the Saratoga campaign, giving a decisive victory to the Americans over the British in the American Revolutionary War. -
Joseph II was Holy Roman Emperor from 1765 to 1790 and ruler of the Habsburg lands from 1780 to 1790. He was the eldest son of Maria Theresa and her husband, Francis I, and thus the first ruler in the Austrian dominions of the House of Lorraine styled Habsburg-Lorraine.
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The Dutch Revolt was the revolt in the Low Countries against the rule of the Habsburg King Philip II of Spain, hereditary ruler of the provinces. The northern provinces eventually separated from the southern provinces, which continued under Habsburg Spain until 1714.
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Joint Franco-American land and sea campaign that entrapped a major British army on a peninsula at Yorktown, Virginia, and forced its surrender. -
The Treaty of Paris, signed in Paris by representatives of King George III of Great Britain and representatives of the United States of America on September 3, 1783, officially ended the American Revolutionary War and overall state of conflict between the two countries.
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Frederick II led many battles
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On June 21, 1788, the Constitution became the official framework of the government of the United States of America when New Hampshire became the ninth of 13 states to ratify it. The journey to ratification, however, was a long and arduous process.
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On 20 June 1789, the members of the French Third Estate took the Tennis Court Oath in the tennis court which had been built in 1686 for the use of the Versailles palace. The vote was "not to separate and to reassemble wherever necessary until the Constitution of the kingdom is established".
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The Storming of the Bastille was an event that occurred in Paris, France, on the afternoon of 14 July 1789, when revolutionaries stormed and seized control of the medieval armory, fortress, and political prison known as the Bastille. At the time, the Bastille represented royal authority in the center of Paris.
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By September 1791, the National Assembly completed the Constitution. Louis XVI had no other option but to accept the Constitution of 1791.
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A period of panic and riot by peasants
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The Women's March on Versailles, also known as the October March, the October Days or simply the March on Versailles, was one of the earliest and most significant events of the French Revolution.
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A statement of five sentences issued on 27 August 1791 at Pillnitz Castle near Dresden by Frederick William II. -
Response to the 1789 Declaration of the Rights of Man. -
With the string quartets dedicated to Haydn. The three great operas on Lorenzo Da Ponte's librettos -
A Vindication of the Rights of Woman: with Strictures on Political and Moral Subjects, written by the 18th-century British proto-feminist Mary Wollstonecraft, is one of the earliest works of feminist philosophy.
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Initially, the monarchy was abolished and a republic was established. War continued throughout Europe. After the radicals gained control, those who were against the revolution were subject to arrest or execution.
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The National Convention was a parliament of the French Revolution, following the two-year National Constituent Assembly and the one-year Legislative Assembly. Created after the great insurrection of 10 August 1792, it was the first French government organized as a republic, abandoning the monarchy altogether.
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Ultimately unwilling to cede his royal power to the Revolutionary government, Louis XVI was found guilty of treason and condemned to death. He was guillotined on January 21, 1793.
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Political body of the French Revolution that gained virtual dictatorial control during the Reign of Terror. -
The Reign of Terror, commonly called The Terror (French: la Terreur), was a period of the French Revolution when, following the creation of the First Republic, a series of massacres and numerous public executions took place in response to revolutionary fervour, anticlerical sentiment, and accusations of treason by the Committee of Public Safety.
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Marie-Antoinette was guillotined in 1793 after the Revolutionary Tribunal found her guilty of crimes against the state. The royal family had been compelled to leave Versailles in 1789 and live in captivity in Paris.
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The Reign of Terror, commonly called The Terror (French: la Terreur), was a period of the French Revolution when, following the creation of the First Republic, a series of massacres and numerous public executions took place in response to revolutionary fervour, anticlerical sentiment, and accusations of treason by the Committee of Public Safety.
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Five men who held the executive power in France according to the constitution of the year III.
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In November 1799, in an event known as the coup of 18 Brumaire, Napoleon was part of a group that successfully overthrew the French Directory. The Directory was replaced with a three-member Consulate, and 5'7" Napoleon became the first consul, making him France's leading political figure.
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The Napoleonic Wars were a series of major global conflicts pitting the French Empire and its allies, led by Napoleon I, against a fluctuating array of European states formed into various coalitions. It produced a period of French domination over most of continental Europe.
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Born on the island of Corsica, Napoleon rapidly rose through the ranks of the military during the French Revolution (1789-1799). After seizing political power in France in a 1799 coup d'état, he crowned himself emperor in 1804.
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The Battle of Trafalgar was a naval engagement between the British Royal Navy and the combined fleets of the French and Spanish Navies -
Also known as the Battle of the Three Emperors was one of the most important and decisive engagements of the Napoleonic Wars. -
The Boston Tea Party was an American political and mercantile protest by the Sons of Liberty in Boston, Massachusetts. -
The French invasion of Russia, also known as the Russian Campaign, the Second Polish War, the Second Polish Campaign, the Patriotic War of 1812, and the War of 1812, was begun by Napoleon to force Russia back into the Continental blockade of the United Kingdom.
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The Battle of Leipzig, also known as the Battle of the Nations, was fought from 16 to 19 October 1813 at Leipzig, Saxony. -
The Congress of Vienna of 1814–1815 was an international diplomatic conference to reconstitute the European political order after the downfall of the French Emperor Napoleon I. -
On April 11, 1814, Napoleon Bonaparte, emperor of France and one of the greatest military leaders in history, abdicates the throne, and, in the Treaty of Fontainebleau, is banished to the Mediterranean island of Elba.
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Term assumed the responsibility and right of the great powers to intervene
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The Hundred Days, also known as the War of the Seventh Coalition, marked the period between Napoleon's return from eleven months of exile on the island of Elba to Paris on 20 March 1815 and the second restoration of King Louis XVIII on 8 July 1815.
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Exiled to the island of Elba, he escaped to France in early 1815 and raised a new Grand Army that enjoyed temporary success before its crushing defeat at Waterloo against an allied force under Wellington on June 18, 1815. Napoleon was subsequently exiled to the island of Saint Helena off the coast of Africa.
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A human civil rights document from the French Revolution.