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Isabella I unified Spain through her marriage to Ferdinand II of Aragon, and she financed the expedition of Christopher Columbus, leading to the discovery of the Americas.
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He acquired the Spanish throne from his parents, Philip I and Queen Joan, and his maternal grandparents and Burgundy through his father's mother.
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At the death of his paternal grandfather Maximilian in 1519, he inherited Austria and was elected to succeed him as Holy Roman Emperor.
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English act of Parliament that recognized Henry VIII as the “Supreme Head of the Church of England”. -
Master of Spanish painting, whose highly individual dramatic and expressionistic style met with the puzzlement of his contemporaries but gained newfound appreciation in the 20th century.
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Began when part of the Habsburg Empire resisted the, in their eyes, unjust rule of the Spanish King Philip II.
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He ruled over a unified Spain and all its dominions in the New World, as well as the Netherlands and Naples and Sicily.
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Sometimes referred to as the Virgin Queen, Elizabeth was the last of the five monarchs of the House of Tudor.
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Naval engagement in the waters off southwestern Greece between the allied Christian forces of the Holy League and the Ottoman Turks during an Ottoman campaign to acquire the Venetian island of Cyprus. -
A targeted group of assassinations and a wave of Catholic mob violence, directed against the Huguenots during the French Wars of Religion. -
English guns damaged the Armada, and a Spanish ship was captured by Sir Francis Drake in the English Channel.
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He was the first monarch of France from the House of Bourbon, a cadet branch of the Capetian dynasty.
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It granted freedom of worship and legal equality for Huguenots within limits, and ended the Wars of Religion. -
He levied an unpopular tax on imports and exports without Parliament's consent, and tried to forge an alliance.
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Considered a founding work of modern Western literature, the novel's message that individuals can be right while society is wrong was considered radical for its day.
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The catalyst that activated the worst war in European history, the Thirty Years' War. -
A 17th-century religious conflict fought primarily in central Europe. It remains one of the longest and most brutal wars in human history, with more than 8 million casualties resulting from military battles as well as from the famine and disease caused by the conflict. -
The Petition of Right was sent by English Parliament to King Charles I to complain about a series of breaches of law he had made. -
A former royal residence located in Versailles.
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An English parliament that followed the fiasco of the Short Parliament, which had convened for only three weeks during the spring of 1640 after an 11-year parliamentary absence.
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Fighting that took place in the British Isles between supporters of the monarchy of Charles I.
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He ruled his country, principally from his great palace at Versailles, during one of the country's most brilliant periods.
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It recognized the full territorial sovereignty of the member states of the empire.
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The anonymous executioner beheaded Charles in one clean blow and held Charles' head up to the crowd silently, dropping it into the swarm of soldiers soon after. -
Hobbes argued that the absolute power of the sovereign was ultimately justified by the consent of the governed, who agreed, in a hypothetical social contract, to obey the sovereign in all matters in exchange for a guarantee of peace and security.
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They were acts of Parliament intended to promote the self-sufficiency of the British Empire by restricting colonial trade to England and decreasing dependence on foreign imported goods. -
King of England, Scotland and Ireland from the 1660 Restoration of the monarchy until his death in 1685.
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Thousands of Huguenots left their homes in France for other countries because of recurring waves of persecution.
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Having ruled jointly with his brother Ivan V until when Ivan died Peter was officially declared Sovereign of all Russia.
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Creating famous compositions like "Toccata and Fugue in D minor." Some of his best-known compositions are the "Mass in B Minor," the "Brandenburg Concertos" and "The Well-Tempered Clavier."
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Led to Catholic King James II of England is deposed and replaced on the throne by his Protestant daughter Mary II and her husband William III.
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Main idea is that we can use the idea of a state of nature to justify a proper government.
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It outlined specific constitutional and civil rights and ultimately gave Parliament power over the monarchy. -
The Russian tsar Peter I the Great's forces succeeded in capturing the fortress of Azov after the war.
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He ascended the Spanish throne as King Philip V. Philip was the first member of the House of Bourbon to rule as King of Spain.
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Eventually leading to the unification of Germany after being created and the creation of the German Empire in 1871, with the Hohenzollerns as hereditary German Emperors and Kings of Prussia.
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Fought by Austria, England, the Netherlands, and Prussia against France and Spain, arising from disputes about the succession in Spain after the death of Charles II of Spain.
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Petersburg founded by Peter the Great. After winning access to the Baltic Sea through his victories in the Great Northern War, Czar Peter I founded the city of St. Petersburg as the new Russian capital. -
A series of peace treaties signed by the belligerents in the War of the Spanish Succession. -
It tells the story of a young and impulsive Englishman that defies his parents' wishes and takes to the seas seeking adventure. -
He played a significant role in sustaining the Whig party, safeguarding the Hanoverian succession, and defending the principles of the Glorious Revolution.
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Involving the several voyages of Lemuel Gulliver who is a ship's surgeon. -
A series of diplomatic stratagems and wars against Austria and other powers, greatly enlarged Prussia's territories and made Prussia the foremost military power in Europe.
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She was the only woman ruler in the 650 history of the Habsburg dynasty. She was also one of the most successful Habsburg rulers.
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The last great power conflict with the Bourbon-Habsburg dynastic conflict at its heart. It was caused by the death in 1740 of Charles VI.
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A scriptural text compiled by Charles Jennens from the King James Bible, and from the Coverdale Psalter, the version of the Psalms included with the Book of Common Prayer. -
A treatise on political theory that was published anonymously.
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A twenty-eight volume reference book.
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The British suffered a series of defeats against the French and their broad network of Native American alliances.
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A savage denunciation of metaphysical optimism that reveals a world of horrors and folly.
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He was mentally unfit to rule in the last decade of his reign.
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Rousseau asserts that democracy is incompatible with representative institutions, a position that renders it all but irrelevant to nation-states.
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She led her country into full participation in the political and cultural life of Europe.
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Joseph's reforms included abolishing serfdom, ending press censorship and limiting the power of the Catholic Church.
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An act of the Parliament of Great Britain which imposed a direct tax on the British colonies in America -
A confrontation in Boston on March 5, 1770, in which a group of nine British soldiers killed three people of a crowd of three or four hundred who were abusing them verbally and throwing various missiles. -
The agreement deprived Poland of approximately half of its population and almost one-third of its land. -
American colonists, frustrated and angry at Britain for imposing “taxation without representation,” dumped 342 chests of tea, imported by the British East India Company into the harbor. -
The laws were meant to punish the Massachusetts colonists for their defiance in the Tea Party protest in reaction to changes in taxation by the British Government.
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Delegates from twelve of Britain's thirteen American colonies met to discuss America's future under growing British aggression. -
The first military engagements of the American Revolutionary War. The battle was fought in Middlesex County, Province of Massachusetts Bay, within the towns of Lexington, Concord, Lincoln, Menotomy, and Cambridge. -
The first military engagements of the American Revolutionary War. The battle was fought in Middlesex County, Province of Massachusetts Bay, within the towns of Lexington, Concord, Lincoln, Menotomy, and Cambridge. -
It analyzes the relationship between work and the production of a nation's wealth. -
It announced the separation of 13 North American British colonies from Great Britain.
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Marked the climax of the Saratoga campaign, giving a decisive victory to the Americans over the British in the American Revolutionary War. -
The achievement of the Viennese Classic school.
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The Articles were signed by Congress and sent to the individual states for ratification. -
Joint Franco-American land and sea campaign that entrapped a major British army on a peninsula at Yorktown, Virginia, and forced its surrender.
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It officially ended the American Revolutionary War and overall state of conflict between the two countries.
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The Constitution became the official framework of the government of the United States of America when New Hampshire became the ninth of 13 states to ratify it.
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Dramatic act of defiance by representatives of the non privileged classes of the French nation during the meeting of the Estates-General at the beginning of the French Revolution.
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An event that occurred in Paris, France when revolutionaries stormed and seized control of the medieval armory, fortress, and political prison known as the Bastille.
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A period of panic and riot by peasants and others amid rumors of an “aristocratic conspiracy” by the king and the privileged to overthrow the Third Estate.
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These events ended the king's independence and signified the change of power and reforms about to overtake France. It symbolized a new balance of power that displaced the ancient privileged orders of the French nobility and favored the nation's common people.
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A document that provided for an executive as well as a legislative body.
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It urged European powers to unite to restore the monarchy in France.
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It makes the Declaration of the Rights of Man apply to women too.
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Challenging the notion that women exist only to please men, she proposed that women and men be given equal opportunities in education, work, and politics.
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The monarchy was abolished and a republic was established. War continued throughout Europe. After the radicals gained control, those who were against the revolution were subject to arrest or execution.
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Following the August 10th invasion of the Tuileries, and elected with a broader franchise than the Legislative Assembly.
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Louis XVI was found guilty of treason and condemned to death.
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It was created by the National Convention in 1793 with the intent to defend the nation against foreign and domestic enemies, as well as to oversee the new functions of the executive government.
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A period of state-sanctioned violence and mass executions during the French Revolution.
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She was guillotined after the Revolutionary Tribunal found her guilty of crimes against the state.
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It required the Council of Five Hundred to prepare, by secret ballot, a list of candidates for the Directory. The Council of Ancients then chose, again by secret ballot, the Directors from that provided list.
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He established himself as the head of a more authoritarian, autocratic, and centralized republican government in France while not declaring himself sole ruler.
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A series of wars that ranged France against shifting alliances of European powers.
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After seizing political power in France in a 1799 coup d'état, he crowned himself emperor.
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In five hours of fighting, the British devastated the enemy fleet, destroying 19 enemy ships.
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Was one of the most important and decisive engagements of the Napoleonic Wars.
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The result was a disaster for the French. The Russian army refused to engage with Napoleon's Grande Armée of more than 500,000 European troops.
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A decisive defeat for Napoleon, causing the destruction of what was left of the French power in Germany and Poland.
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The vague consensus among the European monarchies favoring preservation of the territorial and political status quo.
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Assembly that reorganized Europe after the Napoleonic Wars.
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Napoleon's broken forces gave up and Napoleon offered to step down in favor of his son and then was exiled to Elba when the offer was rejected.
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After the defeat at Waterloo, Napoleon chose not to remain with the army and attempt to rally it, but returned to Paris to try to secure political support for further action.
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He was denied newspapers, subjected to a curfew, watched all the time and heavily guarded, with 125 men stationed around Longwood in the day and 72 at night.
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The Habsburg lands were divided among his three sons when Ferdinand died.
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He broke with the Roman Catholic Church and had Parliament declare him supreme head of the Church of England, starting the English Reformation, because the pope would not annul his marriage to Catherine of Aragon.
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It means that all “men are born and remain free and equal in rights”