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Isabella unified Spain through her marriage to Ferdinand II of Aragon, and she financed the expedition of Christopher Columbus, leading to the discovery of the Americas. -
Carles became king when his brother Henry died. He formed an alliance with the duke of Buckingham.
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Charles V sought to unite the many kingdoms under his rule in the hope of creating a vast, universal empire.
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He chose to abdicate after the British government, the public and the Church of England condemned his decision to marry the American divorcée, Wallis Warfield Simpson. -
The Act of Supremacy included two acts that were passed by the Parliament of England in the 16th century that established the English Monarchs as the head of Church of England.
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El Greco was a Greek painter, sculptor and architect of the Spanish Renaissance. -
The revolt of the Netherlands against Spanish rule was also known as the Eighty Years' War.
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His reign saw the economic decline of Spain, her bankruptcy, and a disastrous decade from 1588 to 1598 which included the disaster of the Spanish Armada. -
Elizabeth succeeded to the throne on her half-sister's death, She had inherited intelligence and determination from both parents. Her 45-year reign is generally considered one of the most glorious in English history. -
When Ferdinand died in 1564, the Habsburg lands were divided among his three sons.
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The Battle of Lepanto was caused by the struggle for control of land and economic power. Some people identify this battle as being a Holy War.
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The St. Bartholomew's Day massacre in 1572 was a targeted group of assassinations and a wave of Catholic mob violence, directed against the Huguenots during the French Wars of Religion.
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English guns damaged the Armada, and a Spanish ship was captured by Sir Francis Drake in the English Channel. The Armada anchored off Calais.
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He was the first monarch of France from the House of Bourbon, a cadet branch of the Capetian dynasty. -
The Edict of Nantes was signed in April 1598 by King Henry IV and granted the Calvinist Protestants of France substantial rights in the nation.
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James I helped people in England and in Scotland to study things such as science, literature, and art. -
Don Quixote is a Spanish novel by Miguel de Cervantes. It was originally published in two parts.
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The Defenestration of Prague were three incidents in the history of Bohemia in which people were defenestrated
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The Thirty Years' War was a conflict fought largely within the Holy Roman Empire. It was considered one of the most destructive wars in European history.
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The Petition of Right was sent by English Parliament to King Charles I to complain about a series of breaches of law he had made.
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The Palace of Versailles is a former royal residence located in Versailles, about 12 miles west of Paris, France. -
The Long Parliament arose after the short Parliament due to an English army defeat, and thus led to a civil war.
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The English Civil War was a series of civil wars and political machinations between Parliamentarians and Royalists, mainly over the manner of England's governance and issues of religious freedom.
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His reign of 72 years and 110 days is the longest recorded of any monarch of a sovereign country in history.
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The Peace of Westphalia is the collective name for two peace treaties signed in October 1648 in the Westphalian cities of Osnabrück and Münster.
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Charles was convicted of treasons and executed outside of Banqueting House in Whitehall.
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April 1651 Hobbes begins his text by considering the elementary motions of matter, arguing that every aspect of human nature can be deduced from materialist principles.
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The Navigation Acts Passed was a long series of English laws that developed, promoted, and regulated English ships, shipping, trade, and commerce between other countries and with its own colonies.
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Charles II signed a secret treaty with King Louis XIV of France in which England offered to aid in a war against the Dutch in return for the French stalling their naval expansion. -
Having ruled jointly with his brother Ivan V from 1682, when Ivan died in 1696, Peter was officially declared Sovereign of all Russia. -
Persecuted by the French Catholic government during a violent period, Huguenots fled the country in the 17th century, creating Huguenot settlements all over Europe, in the United States and Africa.
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Glorious Revolution was called 'glorious' because all of the objectives and goals of the revolutionaries were achieved without any bloodshed.
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The English Bill of Rights outlined specific constitutional and civil rights and ultimately gave Parliament power over the monarchy.
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Locke declared that under natural law, all people have the right to life, liberty, and estate; under the social contract, the people could instigate a revolution against the government when it acted against the interests of citizens, to replace the government with one that served the interests of citizens. -
Azov was the site of the first military victory of the reign of tsar Peter.
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The Hohenzollerns gained de jure sovereignty over Brandenburg when the empire dissolved in 1806, and Brandenburg was formally merged into Prussia.
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The War of the Spanish Succession was a conflict involving many of the leading European powers that were triggered by the death in November 1700 of the childless Charles II of Spain. -
After winning access to the Baltic Sea through his victories in the Great Northern War, Czar Peter I found the city of St. Petersburg as the new Russian capital. -
The Treaty of Utrecht recognized Queen Anne as the legitimate sovereign of England and officially ended French support for the claims of the Jacobite party to the British throne.
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Johann Sebastian Bach is regarded as one of the greatest composers of all time. -
"Robinson Crusoe" was published in London. It was Dafoe's first long work of fiction.
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Robert Walpole was a British statesman and Whig politician who is generally regarded as the de facto first Prime Minister of Great Britain.
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It was an adult satire targeting English society and politics. The author had it published anonymously for fear of persecution.
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Frederick II ruled Prussia from 1740 until his death, leading his nation through multiple wars with Austria and its allies.
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She was the only woman ruler in the 650 history of the Habsburg dynasty. -
One phase of the struggle between France and Britain. The cause of the war was the death of Charles Vl.
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"Messiah" was originally conceived as a work for Easter and was premiered in the spring during the Lent season.
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"The Spirit of Laws" is a treatise on political theories first published anonymously by Montesquieu.
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Denis Diderot was a French philosopher, art critic, and writer, best known for serving as co-founder, chief editor, and contributor to the Encyclopedia. -
The Seven Years' War is widely considered to be the first global conflict in history and was a struggle for global pre-eminence between Great Britain and France. -
Voltaire’s best know work. His message was about lifelong aversion to Christian regimes of power and the arrogance of nobility.
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George III pushed through a British victory in the Seven Years' War, led England's successful resistance to Revolutionary and Napoleonic France, and presided over the loss of the American Revolution.
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The Social Contract is that government attains its right to exist and to govern by “the consent of the governed."
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Catherine the Great led her country into full participation in the political and cultural life of Europe. -
The Stamp Act was taxed items such as newspapers and pamphlets
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Philip was the first member of the House of Bourbon to rule as King of Spain.
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The Boston Massacre occurred after months of tensions due to occupation and taxation, Bostonians and Redcoats clashed in the streets of Boston.
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The Partitions of Poland were three partitions of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth that took place toward the end of the 18th century and ended the existence of the state, resulting in the elimination of sovereign Poland and Lithuania for 123 years.
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The Boston Tea Party was a political protest caused by American colonists that were frustrated and angry at Britain for imposing taxes. -
The First Continental Congress met in Philadelphia to consider its reaction to the British government's restraints on trade and representative government after the Boston Tea Party.
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The Intolerable Acts were punitive laws passed by the British Parliament in 1774 after the Boston Tea Party. The laws were meant to punish the Massachusetts colonists for their defiance in the Tea Party protest in reaction to changes in taxation by the British Government.
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The Battle of Concord was the first military engagement of the American Revolutionary War. This took place in Lexington and Concord.
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"Wealth of Nations" was the most influential book on market economics ever written. It described the industrialized capitalist system that was upending the mercantilist system.
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The Declaration of Independence is the pronouncement adopted by the Second Continental Congress meeting in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. -
The Articles of Confederation was an agreement among the 13 original states of the United States of America that served as its first frame of government approved by the second continental congress and sent to the states for ratification. -
The Battle of Saratoga was a turning point in the Revolutionary War. This battle ended in an American victory.
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Joseph's reforms included abolishing serfdom, ending press censorship, and limiting the power of the Catholic Church. -
The Battle of Yorktown was the final battle of the American Revolution.
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The treaty of Paris ended the French and Indian War/Seven Years' War between Great Britain and France.
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Bypassed the state legislatures, reasoning that their members would be reluctant to give up power to a national government.
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The members of the French Third Estate took the Tennis Court Oath in the tennis court which had been built in 1686 for the use of the Versailles palace.
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The Storming of the Bastille was an event that occurred in Paris, France when revolutionaries stormed and seized control of the medieval armory, fortress, and political prison known as the Bastille.
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The Women's March on Versailles, also known as the October March was one of the earliest and most significant events of the French Revolution.
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Amadeus Mozart was an Austrian composer, widely recognized as one the greatest composers in the history of Western Music. He wrote all musical genres of his day and excelled in every one. -
By September 1791, the National Assembly completed the Constitution. Louis XVI had no other option but to accept the Constitution of 1791.
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The Declaration of Pillnitz was a statement of five sentences issued at Pillnitz Castle by Frederick William II of Prussia and the Habsburg Holy Roman Emperor.
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The Declaration of the Rights of Woman was written by French activist, feminist, and playwright Olympe de Gouges in response to the 1789 Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen.
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“A Vindication of the Rights of Woman” is one of the earliest works of feminist philosophy.
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The Radicals felt they were purging France of the old order while securing its safety, and creating a new and free Republic.
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The National Convention was a parliament of the French Revolution, following the two-year National Constituent Assembly and the one-year Legislative Assembly.
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The Reign of Terror, also called The Terror, was a period of state-sanctioned violence and mass executions during the French Revolution.
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After voting unanimously to find the King guilty, the deputies held a separate vote on his punishment. By a single vote, Louis was sentenced to death.
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The Committee of Public Safety was set up during one of the crises of the Revolution when France was beset by foreign and civil war.
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Marie-Antoinette was guillotined after the Revolutionary Tribunal found her guilty of crimes against the state
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The Five Man Directory was a group of five men who held the executive power in France according to the constitution of the year 3 of the French Revolution.
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The Great Fear was a general panic that took place at the start of the French Revolution
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Napoleon proclaimed himself First Consul for Life.
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The Napoleonic Wars were a series of major global conflicts pitting the French Empire and its allies, led by Napoleon I, against a fluctuating array of European states formed into various coalitions. -
The Battle of Trafalgar was a naval engagement between the British Royal Navy and the combined fleets of the French and Spanish Natives during the war of the Third Coalition of the Napoleonic Wars.
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Napoleon Bonaparte was a French military and political leader who rose to prominence during the French Revolution and led several successful campaigns during the Revolutionary Wars. -
The Battle of Austerlitz was also known as The Battle of the Three Empires. It was one of the most important and decisive engagements of the Napoleonic Wars.
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The invasion was begun by Napoleon to force Russia back into the Continental blockade of the United Kingdom.
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The Battle of Leipzig was also known as the Battle of the Nations. It defeated Napolean and resulted in the destruction of what was left of French power in Germany and Poland.
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The Congress of Vienna was an international diplomatic conference to reconstitute the European political order after the downfall of the French Emporer Napoleon I. -
Napoleon escaped Elba in February 1815 and took control of France.
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The Concert of Europe established a set of principles, rules, and practices that helped to maintain a balance between the major powers after the Napoleonic Wars and to spare Europe from another broad conflict.
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Napoleon chose not to remain with the army and attempt to rally it but returned to Paris to try to secure political support for further action. This he failed to do and was forced to resign.
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However, he died just before it was completed, after six years in exile on the island.
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This battle was closely related to the Battle of Concord. This battle sparked the first battle of the Revolutionary War.
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The Declaration of the Rights of Man is a human civil rights document from the French Revolution.