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H7 against Richard III
5000 men vs 12,000
Stanley brother secretly on H7 side (also made up 4000/12000 of R3 army)
Sir William Stanley announces H7 as King -
Forbade English merchants loading goods onto foreignships unless no Enlgish ships were available
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28 Acts of Attainders against Yorkists
Granted tonnage and poundage for life
Act of Resumption- returns all crown lands given away after 1455 (WofR) -
returning of all crown lands that had been lost since 1455 in War of Roses
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Viscount Lovell and the Stafford Brothers
wanted to restore Yorkist thone
attracted little support
Lovell to Burgundy, Humphrey Stafford captured and Thomas Stafford executed -
for supporting Richard III in BoB
half reversal in 1489 when supporting H7 with Yorkshire rebellion
full reversal 1492 after supporting H7 in second -
Arthur names Prince of Wales]
Wales sine 1301 was ruled by the King's eldest son -
French invades Duchy of Britany (the last independent area of France)
Due to Duke of Francis II dying with no male heir -
Arranged by Earl of Lincoln- Yorkist Consipiracy
impersonated Earl of Warwick
Crowned King of E in May 1487
H7 had the real EofW
H7 neutralises Yorkist supprt by appointing EofNorthumberland
Battle of Stoke June 1487 - EofL dead
Simnel put to kings kitchen and then Kings Eagle -
Lambert Simnel rebellion's downfall
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better security
less chance on invasion as backed by the Empire -
passes laws against retaining
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H7 agrees to support the claim of Duke Francis daughter (duchess Anne)
Felt he owed it to Brittany as they offered protection whilst in excile
H7 nervous that he would antagonise France -
parlt. voted for £100,000 in taxes for war with Brittany. Only £27,000 raised
Yorkshire hit with bad harvest
henru percy EoNorthumberland pleases to king- returned to rebellion with no success- murdered
Earl of Surrey put down rebels eaily
success but never collected tax quota -
Ferdinand and Isabella recognise H7 as King
ended trade restiriction
CoA to marry Arthur
Agree to go to war against France to recover Normandy and Aquitane -
6000 volunteers sent to Brittany
Anne surrendered to French by agreeing marriage to Charles VIII
End of Brittany independence -
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Claimed to be Richard, Duke of York (one of the princes in the tower)
demonstrated how fragile H7 position was
Hugely supported by scotland when arriving in 1495 -
England leads 12,000 troops to Brittany in the final stages of the war
Agreement to remove troops form all French soil except Calais
France to pay E 745,000 crowns -
Massive risk in order to force Burgundy to force Warbeck out and stop their support
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set up as a means of dealing with France during the italianwar
England pressured into becoming involved in European affairs -
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replaces use of star chamber to control nobility
small body of legally trained proffesionals
led by Bray until his death in 1503
taken over by Epson and Dudley -
free trade deal with Burgundy except Flanders
By 1509 E was exporting over half of total cloth exports in Europe
production of cloth up 60% (1485-1509)
Philip to not support Warbeck -
Scots to stop supporting Warbeck
First agreement of its kind w scotland since 1328
after Warbecks execution it became a full peace treaty -
Burgundy to give EofSuffolk back but fails
H7 to pay £158,000 and promise not to execute him
Marriages;
- H7 to Margaret of Austria
- Prince Henry to Elanor of Burgundy
- Princess Mary to Charles of Burgundy
allows English cloth to be exported without duty
seen as too generous for England so reverted in 1507 -
parlt voted £120,000 in taxes for war with Scotland
15,000 rebels marched to london were stopped outside exeter
Battle of Blackheath
1,000 rebels killed -
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James and Margaret marry
Truce extended -
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Aragon and Frnace
Ferdinand married Louis XII's niece Germaine de Foix
French helped Aragon fight Philip of Castille -
lived in exile from 1498 to 1506 under Margaret of Burgundy protection
When he returned to E, he was executed
eliminated the last of the remaining threats to H7 (legitimacy wise) -
placed under bond of £5000 p/a for 10 years
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Louis XII and Spain main players
England isolated form European affairs
As H7 health declining- isolation is a good thing -
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abolished council learned in law
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to attack France
joint plan with Ferdinadn to regain lost land in Aquitaine -
failed
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April- Henry sends 12,000 tropps under Marquis of Dorset to Bayonee in Aquitaine
Ferdinand uses E as a diversion to attack Navarre
Military disaster in Gascony
failure for E as no land captured -
Vs Scotland
Catherine in charge at time, James IV took advantage of H8 in F and tries to invade E
Led by Earl of Surrey
England lost 1,500 men
Scotland lost 10,000 and James IV -
Henry personally leads 30,000 ment to Calais
Captures Tournai and Therouanne with little resistance
Therouanne given to Mavimillian
Tournai garrisoned until 1518 (expensive)
no financial gain -
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Henry spent £960,000 on war (1511-13)
Ordinary income was £110,000
so financially pushed into peace -
materminded by Wolsey
Bictory at battle of Spurs
captured Tounai and Therouanne -
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Francis I succeeds and immediately invades North Italy
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by beginign of H8 reign, income stood at £25,000 p/a
act restored some of lands given away by H8 at the start of his reign -
Charles V succeeds throne of Spain
not fully HRE until 1519 -
Francis sends scottish claimant Duke of Albany to overthrow scottish regency Margaret
Peace agreement signed by Ferdinand, Maximillian and Francis
England not included- Wolsey aim of E being centre of European dipolmacy failing -
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popular due to low cost and quick decisions
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20 countries agree on peace
organised by Wolsey
England returned Tournai to France for a pension
Mary betrothed to French Dauphin
Wolsey recieved title of papal Legate -
England and France
3,000 notable from each country
lasted 14 days
Little achieved -
England agreed to meet to invade France
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after french attacks, HRE, Bourbon and E plan a attack.
400,000 troops led under Suffolk
lack of supplies and bad weather
Wolsey saw the failure and called a treaty -
only £150,000 collected
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demanded the funds for war with Frane
lergy were expected to pay a tax of 1/3 of their goods
most other subjects to pay 1/6
sparked rebellion in Lavenham, Suffolk (4000 supporters)
eventually grant was abandoned -
Charles victory at Pavia
Francis I captured
Charles V calls of marriage with Mary
Anglo-imperial (HRE) alliance on rocks -
Henry gives up all rights of English Kings to the French throne
diplomatic soloution undermined by Wolsey -
Financial reforms of the privy council organised by wolsey
reduction in the number of men in privy council
removal of the groom of the stoll
Sir William Compton replaced by more compliant Henry Norris -
Allied with France and several Italian states
Wolsey helped establish and finance it but E never joined -
Charles V sacked rome and captured it
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Protestant allies
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Charles V lookung for possible protestant allies such as German states
Cromwell made overtures to the league but never agreed on an anti-hasburg/ france alliance -
fined otherwise
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Banned payments of annates to Rome
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based on book Collectanea Satis Copiosa- a series of writings justifying England's independence form ROme
Rome no longer had matrimonial cases
Cramner declares H8 and CoA's marriage null -
Abbots and bishops were appointed by the king not the pope
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Abolished the payments of taxation to rome
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appeals in ecclesiastical matters to be handled in Kings court not the AB's
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H8 and CoA marriage invalid
treasonable offence to question the marriage to Anne B
confirms Elizabeth as her
declares Mary illegitimate -
Henry Supreme Head of the Church of Engand
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Treason in word and deed
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clerical taxes would go to the king not the pope
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Survey into the weath and condition of the church
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Bishop fisher (june) and Sir thomas more (july)
much opposition ot the break with rome quashed -
monastries worth under £200 shut down
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holy scriptures and 3 creeds are the basis of Christian faith
baptism conveys remission of sins for both adults and children
images are useful as remembrances but not objects of worship
saints to be honoured as examples of life and furthering prayers -
led rebellion after supremacy act
annonced support for pope and Charles V
rebellion bruitally put down
Fitzgerald removed form being Lord Deputies -
Defend Royal supremacy in sermons
abandon pilgrimages -
divided wales into shire counties, operated on the same basis as England counterparts, gave the welsh direct representation in the House of commons for the first time ever, brought wales under same legal framework as England
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causes; dissolution of monastires, 1536 injunctions attacking religious practices, ordinary rebels also resented taxation
events; Began Oct 1536, in Louth, Lincolnshire.
Led by Robert Aske and 18 gentry.
Grew to a 40,000 strong rebellion.
H8 gave a pardon to all rebels if they dispersed.
Fresh rebellions in Jan 1537, excuse to arrest and execute rebel leaders, including Robert Aske (hanged in York). -
written by Thomas Matthew
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Between Charles V and Francis I
England feared an invasion by 2 catholic nations
partial motive for 6 articles -
all births, marriages and deaths to be registered in parish
relics wer to be removed from church
english bible to be in every church within 2 years -
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Transubsination is back- God really present udner the form of wine and bread
dont have to take transubsination to go to heaven
priest unable to marry
no premarital sex
private mass will continue in English
must confess for soul to be sanctified -
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Duke of Norfolk led campaing
1,000 scottish prisioners were taken
James V ill during battle and dies weeks later
leaves crown for 1 week old MQoS -
rejected by Scottish Parliment
included plan to unite kingdoms
causes Rough Wooing -
Published by Cramner, laid out the considerably protestant doctrine of the church
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as far as Edinburgh
Part of Rough wooing -
between Charles V and Francis for peace
meanwhile, Henry and 48,000 ment to Calais to capture Bouogne -
reinstated Mary and Elizabeth into the succession
reaffirms H8 can determine succession by will -
passed though not enforced, allowed for dissolution of chantries
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renewal of pension money agreed form 1475
when Louis XI promised annual £10,000 to Edward IV
Bolougne would be returned to France in 1554
War in France cost H8 £2,000,000 -
evidence fo h8 commitment to protestantism
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in comparison 32% left money to their parish under Edward's reign
1540-1546
Christopher Haigh's figures -
with a force of 16,000 men, 4,000 cavalry, 30 warships and 50 supply ships
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Simialr to the 1545 act under H8,
sold chantries for financial reasons, not religious
ended around 2,400 chantries -
in london
did not order the destruction fo images but led to widespread iconclasm -
heresy laws and the treasin act were all repealed
Government stripped itself of the powers to punish outburts of anti catholic, iconclasm and destruction of catholic alters
chantries act passes -
from 1544-47
raised £650,000 in subsides
£270,000 forced loans
deep financial problems for Edward -
one of somersets only successes
victory agasint the scots- crosses the border -
ordered the church and local authorities to provide releif for the impotent poor
any idle pooer unemployed for more than 3 days were considered a vagrant
1st offence: sold into slavery for 2 years
2nd offence: sold into lifelong slavery
3rd offence: death penanly
never properly implemented -
condemned many traditional Catholic practices such as supersition and the veneration of images, bibile reading in English was permitted for all
Bishop Gardiner imprisoned for refusing to accept -
Idley unemployed were considered vagrants on 1st offence, branded, and sold into slavery
2nd offence sold into life long slavelry
3rd offence death penalty -
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continuity with wolsey
somerset becomes 'a friend to the poor'
commision under John Hale to inveestigate cases of enclosrues in midlands -
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5% tax on sheep
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East Anglia
causes: belief that local officials where abusing commoners, some religious motives such as request for removal of inadequate clergy
Began 8th July, led by Robert Kett, his enclosures were attacked but he joined in
16,000 strong rebellion established in Mousehold Heath
York Herald offered parson to rebels who dispersed
Earl of Warwick arrived with 12,000 men, 1000 foreign mercenaries,
Rebels crushed and 3000 killed.
Kett execited along with 49 others -
1547-49
Further 14 planned
had to remain at the border as england didnt have the economic or military power to push furhter in for an invasion -
Devon and Cornwall
Causes: iconclasm of church images, outrage at the 1549 book of common prayer (too protestant), resentment of the march 1549 sheep tax
11th June led by Humphrey Arundell to start Devon rebellion
Local gentry unable to deal with rebels
Lord Russel ordered to find a solution
6,000 armed rebels in Exeter
Rebles take Exeter, hold it for 6 weeks
Rebels defeated at Clyst Heath 6th Aug
over 3,000 rebels killed -
banned latin mass, enforced the book of common prayer as official liturgy of church
Sparked western rebelllion -
silver coins were 75% copper
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unpopular
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reimposed cencorship and helped to restore law and order
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England gave up control of Boulogne for 400,000 crowns
England removed all troops from Scotland
Planned marriage between Edward and Henry 2 daughter Elixabeth
Engand and France formed a defensive alliance -
England abandoned all holdings in Scotland, border lines reverted to their originals
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such as Gardiner, Bonner, Day, Heath and Tunstall
replaced by protestants such as Ridley, Hooper and Ponet -
to tackle the already existing inflation
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gave parishes a responsibility to collect funds for the diserving/impotent poor
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to find north east passage to the american continent
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removed all traces of catholicism
confirmed consubtantiation -
New treason act- an offence to question royal supremacy or any belief of the CoE
Second act of uniformity- an offence for clergy to not attend CoE services
Enforced the 2nd book of common prayer -
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Latimer, Hooper, Ridley and Rogers imprisoned
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removed all religious legislation passed under Edward
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somerset spent £600,000 on wars with Scotland and France
Garrisons cost £200,000 per year -
however, parliament voted agaisnt taxes and another £140,000 worth of crown lands were sold
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Causes: marriage treaty between Mary and Philip, xenophobia towards spanish, decline in cloth industries (poor able to express grief)
Planned in Nov, 1553- simultaneous risings in Devon, Hertfordshire, Leicestershire and Kent
only Wyatt in Kent able to raise serious army of 4000
Indecisivness of wyatt caused delay- Mary gives speech rallying for support
REbels stopped at London Bridge
Wyatt surrenders
LJG execited as her dad supported, Liz imprisoned for 'impication' in rebellion -
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caused Wyatt rebellion
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ordered bishops to supress heresy, removed married clergy
10-25% of clergy deprived ability to marry -
undid all anti-papal legislation since 1529
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refused to repeal 1534 AoS
Passed the first act of repeal which undid all Edwardian religious reformation, reinstated mass, ritual worship and clerical celibacy
Church was restored to 1547 Act of 6 articles -
1555-1556
due to heavy rain, caused unprecedented rises in the prices of grain and widespread famine -
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reopens Hasburg-Valois war
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assisted by 5,000 english tropps
Spain too financially exhausted to follow this up -
to improve crown income from custom duties
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established better procedures for supplying weapons to the Royal Army
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2,700 French troops against 2,000 English troops
Philip makes no effort to help -
through west coast of ireland and north coast of Scotland
spanish ships too big, not agile, unfit for the channel and route taken -
Dominated by london-antwerp cloth trade; accounted for 75% of all English exports, brought in £35,000 per annum
Muscovy company set up in Mary reign by Willoughby and Chancellor, had limited success in breaking trade monopoly of Hanseatic Leagie in the Baltic but trade estimated at £25,000 p/a -
laid down a system of Commissioners of Muster to organise the recruitment of local militias in wartime
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had no right to do so but showed Parlt. consented to the succession
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Rejected papal supremacy and declares Liz as Supreme GOVENOR of CofE
Communion of both kinds are permitted -
Imposed the 1552 prayer book with modifications
communion worder by both 1549 and 52 prayer boks
Recusant fines introduced for those who failed (12p) to attent services
Black Rubic in communion had been removed (protestants angered) -
Gave Liz the rifht to take over property owned by Bishops
used as a threat to keep opposing bishops in line -
57 instructions to set futher guidlines for the reformed faith
English bible in every church, reiterted clergy to wear 1549 vestments , wafer to be used in communion instead of bread, pilgrimages outlawd, no alters to be destroyed -
Rejected papal supremacy
Liz to be Supreme Governor of CoE
Oath of loyalty imposed for all clergy
around 4% lower clergy refused -
imposed the 1552 prayer book with some modifications
wording of communion was mixture of 1549 and 1552 prayer book
failure to attent services; were deemed a recusant and ordered to pay 12d - purposefully lenient
kneeling part of communion Black Rubric removed (angered prots)
passed by 3 votes in House of Lords, manipulated: White and Watson sent to prision and futher 2 executed -
gave liz the right to take over property once owned by the Bishops
used more as a threat to keep bishops in line who criticised settlement -
57 instructions to set out further guidelines for the reformed faith
English bible placed in every church
wafer to be used at communion instead of bread
pilgrimages outlawed
no more alters to be destroyed -
French force of 9,500 troops prepared to enter Scotland in defence
Cecil persauded privy council to send aid of £5000 to Scottish protestants -
between France and Spain
Struggle for the control of Italy, leaving Habsburg Spain the dominant power there for the next 150 years. In the last phase of the war, fought mostly outside of Italy, France was beaten at the battles of Saint-Quentin (1557) and Gravelines (1558) -
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all english and french troops removed from scotland
MQoS recognised Liz as Queen of England
Freedom of worship was permitted in Scotland, success for cecil who masterminded intervention -
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several bishops refused to wear catholic vestments stated in 2559 AoU
AB Parker and 5 other bishops issued the Advertisments in March 1566 stating uniformity in appearance and insisting on the surplice and cope
37 London clergymen refused to obey and were dismissed from their posts -
laid down the doctrine of the church, based on the 42 artices of Edward's Reign
passed in 1563 made law in 1571 -
laid down the doctrine of church
passed in 1563, made law in 1571
based on 42 articles of Edward's reign -
Liz retaliated by banning imports from the Netherlands, both backed down in 1564
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aimed to enforce potential workers to take on 7 year apprenticeships, enforce a minumum period on one year for any workers jobs, and to fix wages and prices
enforced by JPs -
ended all English involvement in the Wars of religion
England gave up the right to Calais for 120,000 crowns -
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took place in Durham and North Yorkshire
De Spes (spanish ambassador) encouded MQoS to rebel
Earls of Northumberland and Westmorland involved
Eof Suffolk sent to disperse 4,600 rebels
800 executed -
Durham and north yorkshire
spanish ambassador De Spes encouraged MQoS to rebel
DoNorfolk, enemy of cecil, gathered support from nobles
Early of Northumberland and Westmoreland heavily involved
4,600 rebels vs 7,000 Liz forces under Earl of Suffolk
Took Durham, dispersed when faced with Liz's forces.
800 executed -
heir to French throne
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all English Catholics were free of any oaths of loyalty to her
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denial of Liz's supremacy of the importation of the popes excommunication punishable by death
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conspiracy to marry MQoS to Duke of Norfolk
led by Earls of Northumberland and Westmoreland
cecil able to secure execution of Norfolk throgh the 1572 parlt.
De Spes expelled form England
Mary kept in prisoin
Northumberland executed (72) Westmorland fled to court of the Spanish Netherlands -
Walter Stricklnad
new book of common prayer similar to 1559 book- remove all catholic aspects
Never discussed -
In France
fear French Catholics would turn their attention to heresy in England -
replaced the idea of marriage with a formal anglo-france defensive alliance against Spain
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donations to impotent poor became compulsory, better distrinction between genuinley unemployed and idle poor
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puritants published compliant about churched called " "
criticised CoE stucture- episcopacy, and doctrine too catholic
authors; Thomas Wilcox and john Field put in prision -
punished those who refused to work, JPS ordered to buy raw materials to provide work for able-bodied workers
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all Dutch provinces formed an alliance to help expel Spanish mercenaries
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Edmund Campion and Robert Parsons
Jesuits set out to destroy heresy -
failure to attend mass incurred a 200 mark fine and a years imprisonment
failure to attend church incurred a £20 monthly fine -
belief he was on a religious catholic crucade
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Acknowledge Royal supremacy, accept book of common prayer, acceptance of 39 articles
around 300 ministers were suspended in the south of enganld for refusing to accept -
francis throckmorton, English catholic
acted as intermediate between Mary and Spanich ambassador, Medoza
Planned foreign landing in Sussex to overthrow Liz- replaced by MQoS
Sir Francis Walsingham;s espionage network helped to foil the plan
led to creation of Bond of Association- all signatories execute anybody who attempt to usurp the throne - successful or unsuccessful -
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Huguenot Henry of Navarre next in line for French throne, French catholic league signed treaty with Spain
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all catholic preists enforced to leave the country within 40 days otherwise they would be deemed as high treason
most of the 150 preists executed in Elizabeths reign were convicted under this act -
additionally, Liz had built up a reserve of another £300,000
solved by Cecil and Winchester -
with dutch rebels
agreed to send 7,000 troops under Eof Leciester to help rebels resits Parma
(unofficial start to the Anglo-Spanish war) -
Anthony Babington sent a letter to MQoS outlining the assasination of Liz
Exposed bu Walsingham's codebreaker Thomas Phelippes
Babington executed and MQoS arrested -
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leader of Armada
route through the West Coast of Ireland and North Coast of Scotland
Spanish ships were ill equiped for shallow chanel as they were large and not agile -
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off the coast of france
British navy defeats Spanish armada -
£4.5 million
£200k per year x6 -
failed
no portugese support, failed to capture Lisbon, many men lost to disease -
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due to inflation, poor harvests, high taxations and the effects of the war with spain
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looking to exploit the Spanish situation by including Irish contingent in the Armada of 1596
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confirmed compulsory poor rate. Each county had to have at least one house of correction. impotent poor were to be provided for, vagrants treated harshly
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won by 6,000 Ulster revels
Tyrone rebellion -
Essex disobeyed Queen's orders, made a truce with Tyrone and returned to court
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1520; 60,000
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amended version of 1597 act
clear distinction between genuine poor and idle poor, remained substantially intact until 1843 -
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essex resented Cecil, planned an armed coup to remove him and his supporters
Court based primarily, little support amongst commoners
disproportionate numbeer of Welshmen implicated
Essex quickly discovered by Cecil
was tried and executed 1601 Feb -
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1599-1603
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but reduced the general financial basis of the monarchy
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