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Translation of the New Testament in English by William Tyndale -
Endowing the King the power to annul marriages
=> marries Ann Boleyn
=> is excommunicated -
- puts the king “ Supreme head of the Church of England
- date of the official schism between England and the Roman catholic Church
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Not really protestant, as a Catholic England without the pope's authority
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a rebellion in Lincolnshire / Yorkshire surging from the destruction of monasteries, and wanting :
- the restauration of the pope's powers over the church
- Mary the first to the royal succession
- some economic compensation
Brutally reprimed -
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Due to Edward VI's fierce Protestantism
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a revision of the previous mass book
=> led to rebellions ( in Cornwall/ Devon) -
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-18 months
- repealed the previous protestant legislaton -
- solely under Mary I's reign
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Protestantism restricted to secrecy, and the setting the burning at the stake of more than 200 so-called Protestant "heretics"
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issued by Elizabeth I, reestablishing the clergy under the egis of the Queen / King
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The book of Common prayer is now compulsory, and people not going to an Anglican mass were fined
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Creation of the Anglican Church
3 important changes :
- new ecclesiology ( conception of the church)
- new doctrine of salvation
- new definition of sacraments and the mass -
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a rebellion led by the earls of Westmorland and Northumberland,
=> 6000 insurgents
=> against the religious forms
=> in an attempt to dismiss the Elizabeth I , and replace her with Mary Stuart -
By the pope Pius V
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- death penalty for any person converting, or already converted to Catholicism.
forbade the people to participate / celebrate the Catholic Mass - Anglican services were compulsory: £20 per month fine, a somewhat great sum of money at the time
. - death penalty for any person converting, or already converted to Catholicism.
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a potential Catholic heir to the throne, and the source of various plots on the queen, to reestablish Catholicism
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considered as the invincible armada
- strengthened the feeling of England patriotism
- helped to justify the Protestantism, claiming that "God blew and they were scattered", right frome the bible, thus reinforcing her religious position -
foundation of east india companies, and trading posts, in order to control the trade of luxury goods
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conspiracy pondered by the Catholics, in order to blow up Parliament and King James I. It failed, the skirmish props detected the day prior -
- first permanent settlement after Sir Walter Raleigh's failure in Roanoke, Virginia in 1585
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In America
only 60 survivors out of 500
why ?
- shortage drinkable water
-insufficient growing of crops
-conflict with the Powhatan indigenous tribe
-> some survivors has to resort to cannibalism -
claimed that the king would be bestowed a fixed sum a a certain frequency. The Members of the Parliament, fearing the King would become to autonomous and wouldn't need them anymore, voted in the disfavour of this article. The king dismissed them
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continues Elizabeth I's religious legacy -
- Established by law in the 13 American colonies during the XVIIth century
- because of the cheap labour needed to harvest and take care of fields
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between the Elector Palatine and the emperor Ferdinand Habsburg, what was at stake being the throne of Bohemia.
James I, whose daughter was married to the Elector Palatine, sided with them, but also as a protestant monarch helping one another -
first colony in the Caribbean
-> later moved to Antigua and Barbados -
Death of James I
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written to express the Parliament's complaints towards the King's actions
- requested the king to acknowledge the illegality of certain actions, such as Billeting, extra-parliamentary taxation or imprisonment without trial.
Charles signed this text reluctantly -
A timeframe in which the parliament wasn't solicited any longer.
Also called by Whig historians : the Eleven Years of Tyranny
- Witnessed alterations in the religious scenery of the Country, with the help of a notorious Arminian Archbishop : Archbishop Laud.
-> throngs were afraid of a possible return to Catholicism -
-> Scots : Calvinists.
England and scotland not sharing the same religious beliefs, Charles I attempted t impose the Book of Common Prayer. This was disregearded, becauses of the differences deemed provoking :
- new position of the altar
- kneeling
and so on.
There was a riot in St Giles Cathedral, in which a Young woman, Jenny Geddes, initiated the uprising by throwing a stool to the preacher -
Those three me had written pamphlets attacking the archbishop Laud. They were thus put in a pilori and their ears were cut off. what shocked the people was the fact that these three men were highly estimated gentlemen, and if this happened to them, it could happen to any of the English -
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petition that were diametrically opposed to Charles' will, and which called for the maintain of scottish spiritual independence
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The Scots against the English
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- announced Scotland as the victor of the Bishops' wars
- Charles Iis forced to pay the cost of the Scots army, which was an humiliation
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-Named this way because of its duration : 20 years
- wanted to ensure the personal rule wouldn't happen again
-> issued acts which forbade king to dissotute the parliament without its consent, and that he parliament should reuite at lieast every 3 years -
- summarised all of Charles I's wrongdoings, ended on revolutionary demands, such as the right of the House of Commons to choose the king ministers, or the right for parliament to reform the church. This divided the Parliament into 2 subgroups
- The Royalists, who thought that the grand remonstrance was too extreme, wanted a negotiated settlement with the king.
- the Parliamentarians, who believed the reform was necessary, regarding the rights of liberties, parliament, and protestant Church.
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suspecting John Pym and 4 other members of the Parliament to plot against the queen, he wanted to impeach them, but the Parliament refused.
He then Marched into the House of Commons to intercept them with the help of his troops. Thus was a breach of privilege, synonym of the impossibility in finding peace between the Parliament and the King. -
James I having implanted a plantation policy, many English and Scots were sent away to Ireland in order to take the lands of Irish catholics.
the irish rebellion is a prostest againts this exploitation, and caused the massacre of 3000 to 4000 Protestants .
This number was highly disproportionated and amplified in order to fuel anti-catholic rage in England. -
Gave to the parliament the power to appoint a general to control the Army
-> one of the King's prerogatives -
Opposing the Royalists and the King, to the Parliamentarians
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- national and centralised, controlled and paid from Westminster rather than separate counties, this army was a compound of 22 000 men, on the Parliamentarians' side. Those men were armed with swords, pistols and pikes, wearing the redcoat, and nicknamed "the Praying Army", because they carried bibles with them and were convinced they were acting of god's behalf
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Turning point in the civil war
- weaking of the Royalists -
allies himself with the scots
- Parliament appalled : use of a foreign throng to try invading his -
- not paid for months because the House of Commons had been disbanded without paying them at the end of the war
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General Pride entered House of Commons and arrested the 45 conservative members of the Parliament. The remainder, called the Rump Parliament, put the King on trial for " high treason ( to England, to him)" -
-revolts in South England, Wales and Scotland.
- Royalists easily defeated by Cromwell -
- England is declared a Commonwealth
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Crushing of an Irish Catholic uprising
- a revenge for the 1641 atrocities they've (The English) been told
Aftermath
->Catholicism is forbidden
-> Irish priests arrested
-> Irish Catholics lands are confiscated -
- supreme authority of the House of Commons
- ruled as a republic
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led by Chales II, then king of Scots, to avenge his father
-> crushed
-> Charles II fled -
- First English written constitution
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-> military dictatorship, in the way of a monarchy without a king.
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-By Oliver Cromwell
because of
--slow progress made with electoral reforms
--Army fed up with the Rump Parliament -
-alternative parliament to replace the Rump Parliament
-short-lived -
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promising
- a general amnesty
-to continue religious toleration
-to share power with the Parliament -
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Previously a Spanish colony
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more than 7000 new infected by week
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-rumour of a plot organised by the French to replace Charles II with his brother, James II, Catholic
-> frightened population
--> would implement pro-catholic measures / might try to restore absolute monarchy
ex : Louis XVI in France -
- Parliament attempted toto alienate James II from his succession rights -> hit to the divine right of kings.
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- no blood shed
- seizing of the royal power by William of orange
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LAst stuart
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- Queen Anne's war
- Britain had gained control of Acadia over France
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Named after the Hanoverian kings
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- loyal to the Stuarts
• supporters of James II and his grandson
• Active in France / Scotland - led by the "Old Pretender "
◦ James Francis Edward Stuart
‣ Son of James II
- loyal to the Stuarts
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- supporters of the Glorious revolution opposed to Tories, supporters of the Stuarts
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Robert Walpole
- George II gave him as a residence the 10 Downing Street -
• led by "Young Pretender"
◦ Bonnie Prince Charlie
‣ Grandson of James II -
- at culloden
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Britain gained control of Florida over Spain, and most of the Canada over France
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By James Cook
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After the USA's gaining of independence
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because of the French revolution
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Britain versus France, different ideologies and motives
- Maritimes
- colonial
- Economic -
- against the Britain rule in Ireland
- influenced by the American and French revolutionary ideas
- Presbyterians radicals + Catholics
- rebels defeated
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Creation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain & Ireland
- Merger Parliaments of the Great Britain and Ireland -
unites Great Britain and the kingdom of Ireland ⇒ creates uk
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Ends the French revolutionary wars
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Gives the right to vote to around 5% of the British population
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- overtly against Arminians, which they qualified of popery, and which they fear would threatening the Protestant form of the Church of England
- adressed King's habit of reaping custom duties, now in the need of an approval from the Parliament