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He was born on june 28,1491 and was the son of Henry VII ( first tudor king ) and Elizabeth of York. Under his reign, the church of England was separated from the Roman Catholic Church ( 1534 ). He had 6 wives, and 3 of his children reign after him ( Edward VI, Mary and Elizabeth ).
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Martin Luther, protestant reformer and German monk, wrote the famous text that marked the beginning of the European Reformation: "The Ninety-Five Theses" where he denounced the Catholic Church abuses and the indulgences. On 31 october, 1517, he nailed this devastating critique of the Indulgences to the door of the University in Wittenberg. He was excommunicated in 1521 and declared a heretic. -
In England, the Tyndale Bible was published in 1526, and William Tyndale translated the New Testament into English. -
This act made King Henry VIII the sole and supreme head of the Church. When Pope Clement VII refused to approve the annulment of Henry's marriage to Catherine of Aragon, the English Parliament, at Henry's insistence, passed a series of acts that separated the English Church from the Roman hierarchy and, in 1534, made the English monarch the head of the English Church. This was a schism. -
Son of Henry VIII and Jane Seymour, he was born in 1537 and was only 9 when his father died. He reigned from 1547 to 1553.
He was protestant which led to the publication of the Book of Common Prayer in 1549. He also eradicated the Roman Catholic practive and the marriage of clergy was allowed under his reign. He died at 15. -
Daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon, she was the first queen regnant. With all the Protestant reforms made by her predecessor, she restored Catholicism in 18 months and was married to the very catholic Philip II of Spain ( war against France ), many people opposed this marriage. She is also known as "Bloody Mary" for executing and burning at the stake over 200 Protestants, whom she called heretic. Her death in 1558 did not sadden her nation, or even her husband.
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She was the daughter of Henry VIII and Ann Boleyn. Like her half-brother, Edward VI, she was Protestant. Her 45-year reign without marriage earned her the nickname "The Virgin Queen", and her reign is considered one of the most glorious in English history, as it strengthened England's independence. Under her reign, a stable Church of England was established, and she extended England's influence in Europe and around the world. She finally imposed Protestantism.
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The Northern Rebellion of 1569 was a rebellion against religious reform,with 6,000 insurgents and an attempt to replace Queen Elizabeth with Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots. -
In 1570, Pope Pius V excommunicated Elizabeth and numerous Catholic plots were hatched against her. He issued the papal bull " Regnans in Excelsis " in which he refers to her as " the so-called queen "/ " a heretic favouring heretics ". Elizabeth I's response was heard a year later. -
Treasons Act :- Anyone who claims that Elizabeth was not the true Queen of England and Wales is committing treason.
- Inflicting bodily harm on the Queen
- Waging war against her or inciting others to wage war against her
- Saying she should not enjoy the crown or publishing in writing that she was a heretic, tyrant or usurper was considered an act of treason.
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Young Catholics had sworn to kill Elizabeth and put Mary Stuart on the throne but their strategies were discovered by Francis Walsingham, when he managed to decipher a coded letter between Mary Stuart and this group. -
Mary Stuart was executed because :
1. she was a threat to Elizabeth, Elizabeth's cousin and Elizabeth's rightful heir.
2. she also took part in the Babington plot in 1586.
3. her proximity to France and Spain endangered the kingdom of England.
4. for Catholics, she was the legitimate heiress and represented the hope of a return to Roman Catholicism. She was executed in 1587 at Fotheringham Castle, wearing a bright red dress, the color of Catholic martyrs. -
Philip II, the Catholic king of Spain, supported several plots against Elizabeth. In retaliation, and to support the cause of Protestantism, Elizabeth supported the Dutch revolt against Spain. As a result, the King of Spain attempted to invade England, but was totally defeated, England being victorious. This proved Elizabeth's extraordinary qualities, and the Tilbury speech reinforced her legitimacy. -
James I was the son of Mary Queen of Scots, he was crowned King of England in 1603 on Elizabeth’s death. Catholics placed high hopes in him, but James continued Elizabeth’s harsh repressive laws.
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It is a conspiracy devised by a small group of Catholics to blow up Parliament and kill James I. Led by Guy Fawkes, the plot was discovered before its execution, leading to the arrest of the conspirators and severe consequences for them. -
Charles I firmly believed in the divine right of Kings.
He interpreted all criticism as a challenge to his authority. He also favoured a minority wing of Anglicans: the Arminians. His reign was also marked by escalating tensions between the king and the English Parliament. His attempts to rule without parliament's approval sparked conflits. -
The Petitions of Rights were a series of parliamentary demands in England aimed at limitating the power of King Charles I. They requested the King to recognise the illegality of extra-parliamentary taxation, billeting, martial law, imprisonment without trial. Charles reluctantly signed it but was furious, and as MPs were discussing impeaching Lord Buckingham again, he suspended parliament seating. -
The Three Resolutions were resolutions passed by the House of Commons in England to protest against the authoritarian practices of King Charles I. They declared that whoever tried to bring in “Popery or Arminianism” or to alter the protestant forms of the Church of England was an enemy of the Kingdom, as well as anyone advising the King to collect custom duties without Parliament’s consent. -
The period of "Personal Rule" refers to the authoritarian reign of King Charles I, who ruled without summoning Parliament for 11 years. It follows the Three Resolutions. Whig historians called it "the tyranny of eleven years".
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This was an important document voted by Parliament after heated debates. It summarized all the wrongdoing of Charles I and concluded on “revolutionary” demands:
-the right of the House of commons to choose the King’s ministers.
-the right for Parliament to control any army sent to Ireland.
-the right for Parliament to reform the Church -
On August 22, 1642, Charles I declared war on Parliament. The First Civil War lasted from 1642 to 1648, pitting the Parliamentarians against the Royalists. The Parliamentarians won thanks to an alliance with Scotland and a new army model. The second took place from 1648 to 1649, after the king fled and formed an alliance with the Scots. King Charles I was finally executed on January 30,1649 after a trial for high treason. This led to the abolition of the monarchy in March 1649.
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From 1649 to 1660, England was declared a "Commonwealth", a period marked by the absence of a monarch ("king") following the execution of Charles I on January 30, 1649. However, as stabilization of the country was not assured, a military protectorate was created under Cromwell. This was a military dictatorship from 1654 to 1658, with Cromwell as Lord Protector and 460 members of Parliament elected every 3 years.
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The instability that followed Crowell's death ( anarchy ) eventually contributed to the Declaration of Breda issued by Charles II. It promised:
-a general amnesty
-continued religious tolerance
-to share power with Parliamet in exchange for the restoration of the monarchy.
An agreement between the various parties was made.
The monarchy was restored on May 29, 1660: this was the Restoration. -
He is proclaimed King of Scotland after his father's execution. He raised a Scottish army to invade England. Cromwell defeated the Scottish army in 1650 and crushed the uprising of Scottish royalist forces led by Charles II in 1651. Charles II then escaped
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The fear of a return to catholiscm appeared, but there was hope, James II was old and, as he had no male heir, his Protestant daughter Marie would soon succeed him. Parliament invites the king's son-in-law (William of Orange) to invade England and seize the crown. He landed with an army of 15,000 men and met with no resistance. James's army disintegrated, and his officers deserted. James II fled to France, and William became King William III. -
This text was an important political charter adopted by the British Parliament. It was a response to the absolutism of the monarchy and aimed to limit the powers of the sovereign, define the rights of Parliament and fundamental civil rights. It was a key political text -
This was an English law enacted by the British Parliament in 1701. Its aim was to guarantee Protestant succession to the throne, ignoring dozens of Catholic heirs. The successors are the Hanoverian descendants of James I. This law also played a key role in the formation of the Kingdom of Great Britain. This act put an end to the 16th and 17th quarrel between King and Parliament. A new balance of powers in favour of Parliament. -
This act united the kingdoms of England and Scotlands. -
This act united the Kingdom of Great Britain and the Kingdom of Ireland after a first Act of Union in 1707 united the kingdoms of England and Scotland. Although the act itself was passed on July 2, 1800, the union only became effective on January 1, 1801.