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Charles II
1) Charles II of Spain was the last Habsburg ruler of Spain. His realm included Southern Netherlands and Spain's overseas empire, stretching from the Americas to the Spanish East Indies. He was known as "the Bewitched". He is characterized for his extensive physical, intellectual, and emotional disabilities and his consequent ineffectual rule. -
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Charles II
2) The years of Charles's reign were difficult for Spain. The economy was stagnant, there was hunger in the land, and the power of the monarchy over the various Spanish provinces was extremely weak. Spain’s finances were perpetually in crisis. When Charles died the following year, the succession passed to the Duke of Anjou, grandson of Louis XIV of France, provoking the War of the Spanish Succession. -
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War of Spanish Succession
4) The Austrian emperor at first refused to sign but a year later recognized the new order in the Peace of Rastatt. -
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War of Spanish Succession
3) Immediately it became obvious that the European balance of power would be even more seriously threatened if Charles got Spain as well as Austria than it would be if Philip became king of Spain. The renewed threat of Habsburg world power enabled Louis XIV of France to obtain favourable Peace terms in the Treaty of Utrecht. His grandson, Philip, became after all king of Spain on the condition that Spain and France would never be united. -
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War of Spanish Succession
1) The War of the Spanish Succession was the first world war of modern times with theatres of war in Spain, Italy, Germany, Holland, and at sea. Charles II, king of Spain, died without an heir. In his will he gave the crown to the French prince Philip of Anjou. Philip's grandfather, Louis XIV of France, then proclaimed him king of Spain, and declared that France and Spain would be united. -
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War of Spanish Succession
2) French power was already feared in Europe and a Grand Alliance of England, Holland, Prussia, and Austria aimed to put the Archduke Charles of Austria on the Spanish throne instead of Philip. The English general, the Duke of Marlborough, and the imperial general, Prince Eugene, commanded the forces of the Grand Alliance. In 1711, Emperor Joseph I of Austria died. His successor as emperor of the Holy Roman Empire was the Habsburg Archduke Charles of Austria. -
New Foundation Decrees
A new foundation decree called The Nueva Plantas, was the first historical-circumstantial text, of juridical role and political content, whereby the fueros and the institutions of the kingdoms of Valencia and Aragon were abolished. It was established during 1707 and 1716. It was signed by Philip V (the first Bourbon King of Spain) during and shortly after the end of the War of the Spanish Succession by the Treaty of Utrecht. -
Treaty of Utrecht
2) The Treaty of Utrecht brought a period of peace between France and Britain. This rivalry had international dimensions in the scramble for overseas territories, wealth and influence. In 1718 Austria joined and it was expanded to the Quadruple Alliance against Spain to maintain the peace of Europe.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ti_lzGq5Ex4 -
Treaty of Utrecht
1) The treaty of Utrecht was a series of treaties between France and other European powers. It was signed in the city of Utrecht (Central Netherlands). It enforced the Partition Treaties which stated that the Spanish and French Crowns should never be united. This was part of British foreign policy to make peace in Europe by establishing a balance of power and preventing France in particular from uniting and dominating the continent. -
Treaty of Rastatt
was a peace treaty between France and Austria, in the Baden city of Rastatt, to put an end to state of war between them from the War of the Spanish Succession. -
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Floridablanca
1) Floridablanca was named chief minister in 1777. He embarked on a thorough reform of the Spanish bureaucracy, establishing a true cabinet in 1787 (the Supreme Council of State). He established commercial freedom in the American colonies in 1778, and founded the National Bank of San Carlos in 1782. -
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Floridablanca
2) After the expulsion of the Jesuits, Spain's higher education system was left woefully understaffed; Floridablanca worked to hire new teachers and administrators and to modernize pedagogical methods. He also established new schools throughout Spain. Floridablanca regulated the Madrid police and encouraged public works in the city. -
The First Family Compact
The Treaty of the Escorial was the first of three compacts. Signed by Philip V of Spain and Louis XV of France. Both monarchs allied themselves in the first family pact, making a common front against Austria. Felipe with the intention of recovering the old Spanish possessions in Italy, and Luis looking for reinforcements in his support to Estanislao of Poland. Felipe V recovered Naples and Sicilia, where enthroned like king to his son the infant Carlos (the future Carlos III of Spain). -
The Second Family Compact
2) Thanks to this alliance Spain won Milan and the duchies of Parma, Plasencia and Guastalla for the infant. -
The Second Family Compact
1) Signed at Fontainebleau, it was agreed by the same monarchs, during the War of the Austrian Succession. Fernando VI (the new king of Spain) carried out a policy of active neutrality between the United Kingdom and the Kingdom of France. He strengthened the fleet to avoid being pulled into the war and liquidated the second family pact, which cut him off from supporting France in its wars. In return, the United Kingdom accepted the abolition of the blacks' seat and the permit vessel. -
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Jovellanos
He was a Spanish neoclassical statesman, author, philosopher and a major figure of the Age of Enlightenment in Spain. -
Canal de Castilla
The Canal of Castilla is a river of human engineered, that has influenced for two hundred years in the natural landscape of Castile. The history of the construction of the canal is the story of a grand project which pretended to link Segovia with Santander, created a network of channels in Castile that would facilitate the transportation of grain and all types of goods. Also it brought water to the thirsty fields. They managed to open new trade routes , more efficient and cheaper. -
Charles III
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Charles III
1) Charles III was the King of Spain and the Spanish Indies from 1759 to 1788. Charles became the Duke of Parma and Piacenza, as Charles I, following the death of his childless granduncle Antonio Farnese. In 1734, as Duke of Parma, he conquered the kingdoms of Naples and of Sicily, and was crowned king on 3 July 1735, reigning as Charles VII of Naples and Charles V of Sicily. -
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Charles III
2) As king of Spain Charles III tried to rescue his empire from decay through far-reaching reforms such as weakening the influence of the Church and its monasteries, promoting science and university research, facilitating trade and commerce, modernising agriculture and avoiding wars. He never achieved satisfactory control over the State's finances, and was obliged to borrow to meet expenses. His reforms proved short-lived and Spain relapsed after his death, but his legacy lives on to this day. -
The Third Family Compact
Carlos III of Spain returned to politics to recover Gibraltar and Menorca and signed the third family pact, which led him to enter the last phase of the Seven Years' War in support of the Kingdom of France against the Kingdom of Great Britain, and to the defeat that caused him considerable losses -
Esquilache Riots
2) The rioters quickly took over Plaza de los Inválidos where muskets and sabers were stored. Rioters marched yelling insults against Esquilache. They ran into Luis Antonio Fernández de Córdoba y Spínola, the 11th Duke of Medinaceli, whom they surrounded, and they forced him to approach the king with a series of petitions. The duke reported to the king, who remained calm, unaware of the seriousness of the situation. -
Esquilache Riots
1) The Esquilache Riots occurred in March 1766 during the rule of Charles III of Spain. Caused mostly by the growing discontent in Madrid about the rising costs of bread and other staples. Two townsmen, dressed in the forbidden long capes and chambergos, provocatively crossed the little square of Antón Martín. Several soldiers stopped them to inquire about their clothes. Insults were exchanged and a band of townspeople appeared. -
Esquilache Riots
3) The king replied with a letter that stated that he sincerely promised to comply with the demands of his people, and asked for calm and order. This calmed the populace once again. Esquilache was also dismissed, a move that both Charles and Esquilache lamented. Esquilache felt that his modernizing reforms had deserved a statue, and would comment that he had cleaned and paved the city streets and had created boulevards and had nevertheless been dismissed. He was given the diplomant to Venice. -
Jesuits are expelled from Spain
3)The economic consequences were also very serious, training for work and administration of farms and workshops were left without leaders. High schools were left without high-level teachers. The productive assets of the Jesuits were auctioned off to send them to the bankrupt king, and many of them ceased to be productive and the buildings left their social functions creating in the town a great resentment against the King. -
Jesuits are expelled from Spain
1)They were expelled from Spain. The first ones were concentrated and embarked in certain ports, being initially welcomed in the island of Corsica. But the following year the island fell into the possession of the Monarchy of France where the order was prohibited since 1762, which forced to the Pope Clemente XIII to admit them in the Papal States, to which until then it had been denied. -
Jesuits are expelled from Spain
4) Thus the expulsion of the Jesuits was the triumph of power over reason, of idleness against work, of the illiterate against the obscurantist cult. -
Jesuits are expelled from Spain
2)There they lived from the meager pension that Carlos III assigned them with the money obtained from the sale of some of their assets. The motives were not a religious problem. The most important political consequence was that the governed-ruled link was broken. The priests had a great political power to the extent that they were those who endorsed the power of the state and preached obedience to the sovereign, the king lost his best ally in these lands. -
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Charles IV
1) In 1788, Charles III died and Charles IV succeeded to the throne. He intended to maintain the policies of his father, and retained his prime minister, the Count of Floridablanca, in office. Even though he had a profound belief in the sanctity of his office, and kept up the appearance of an absolute, powerful monarch, Charles never took more than a passive part in his own government. -
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Charles IV
2) The affairs of government were left to his wife, Maria Luisa, and his prime minister, while he occupied himself with hunting. Riots, and a popular revolt at the winter palace Aranjuez, in 1808 forced the king to abdicate, in favor of his son. Napoleon forced both Charles and his son to abdicate, declared the Bourbon dynasty of Spain deposed, and installed his brother, Joseph Bonaparte, as King Joseph I of Spain. -
Execution of Louis XVI
1) One day after being convicted of conspiracy with foreign powers and sentenced to death by the French National Convention, King Louis XVI is executed by guillotine in the Place de la Revolution in Paris.
Louis ascended to the French throne in 1774 and from the start was unsuited to deal with the severe financial problems that he had inherited from his grandfather. -
Execution of Louis XVI
2) In November 1792, evidence of Louis XVI’s counterrevolutionary intrigues with Austria and other foreign nations was discovered, and he was put on trial for treason by the National Convention.
The next January, Louis was convicted and condemned to death by a narrow majority. On January 21, he walked steadfastly to the guillotine and was executed. Nine months later, Marie Antoinette was convicted of treason by a tribunal, and on October 16 she followed her husband to the guillotine. -
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War of the Pyrenees
1) The War of the Pyrenees, was the Pyrenean front of the First Coalition's war against the First French Republic. The war was brutal in at least two ways. First, the Committee of Public Safety declared that all French royalist prisoners be executed. Second, French generals who lost battles or otherwise displeased the all-powerful representatives on mission were sent to prison or the guillotine with alarming frequency. -
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War of the Pyrenees
2) Army of the Eastern Pyrenees commanders and generals were especially unlucky in this regard. An alliance convention between France and Spain was signed at the Second Treaty of San Ildefonso. All in all, it was a victory for the French Republic. Portugal remained in combat, however, as peace was not concluded with the Portuguese. -
Treaty of San Ildefonso
1) It was a secret agreement signed between Spain and France in the course of the Napoleonic Wars. Mariano Luis de Urquijo, in the name of Charles IV of Spain, and Louis Alexandre Berthier, representing the Republic of France, adjusted a preliminary agreement in the Royal Palace of La Granja de San Ildefonso. The agreements included that the French Republic would make available, a territory of new creation in the Italian peninsula, on which it would have considered king. -
Treaty of San Ildefonso
2) A month after the taking of possession of the infant, Spain would deliver to France of 6 warships of 74 guns each one 6 months later, Spain would deliver to France the colony of Louisiana. The agreement would be carried in the strictest secrecy, until The point that Manuel Godoy himself did not find out until a month after his ratification by the king -
Napoleon is crown as emperor
2) Napoleon returned home from his Egyptian campaign to take over the reigns of the French government and save his nation from collapse. After becoming first consul in 1800, he reorganized his armies and defeated Austria. In 1802, he established the Napoleonic Code, a new system of French law, and in 1804 he established the French empire. By 1807, Napoleon’s empire spread from the River Elbe in the north, down through Italy in the south, and from the Pyrenees to the Dalmatian coast. -
Napoleon is crown as emperor
1) In Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris, Napoleon Bonaparte is crowned Napoleon I, the first Frenchman to hold the title of emperor in a thousand years. Pope Pius VII handed Napoleon the crown that the 35-year-old conqueror of Europe placed on his own head.
Napoleon, one of the greatest military strategists in history, rapidly rose in the ranks of the French Revolutionary Army during the late 1790s. By 1799, France was at war with most of Europe; -
Battle of Trafalgar
1) In one of the most decisive battles in history, a British fleet under Admiral Lord Nelson defeats a combined French and Spanish fleet at the Battle of Trafalgar, which was the last and greatest Nelson's victory against the French. It began after Nelson caught sight of a Franco-Spanish force of 33 ships. Preparing to engage the enemy force, Nelson divided his 27 ships into two divisions and signaled a famous message from the flagship Victory: “England expects that every man will do his duty.” -
Battle of Trafalgar
2) In five hours of fighting, the British devastated the enemy fleet, destroying 19 enemy ships. No British ships were lost, but 1,500 British seamen were killed in the heavy fighting. A French sniper shot Nelson. The admiral was taken below and died minutes before the end of the battle. Nelson’s last words, after being informed that victory was imminent, were “Now I am satisfied. Thank God I have done my duty.” Victory at the Battle of Trafalgar ensured that Napoleon would never invade Britain. -
Treaty of Fontainebleau
The Treaty of Fontainebleau was signed in Fontainebleau between Charles IV of Spain and Napoleon I of France by France and Spain regarding the occupation of Portugal.
Under this treaty Portugal was divided into three regions- the Entre-Douro-e-Minho Province for the King of the Etrúria, the Principality of the Algarves under Spanish minister D. Manuel Godoy and the remaining provinces and overseas territories were to be distributed under a later agreement. -
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Peninsular War
1) The Peninsular War was a military conflict between Napoleon's empire and the allied powers of Spain, Britain and Portugal for control of the Iberian Peninsula during the Napoleonic Wars. The war started when French and Spanish armies invaded and occupied Portugal in 1807, and escalated in 1808 when France turned on Spain, its ally until then. -
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Peninsular War
2) The war on the peninsula lasted until the Sixth Coalition defeated Napoleon in 1814, and is regarded as one of the first wars of national liberation, significant for the emergence of large-scale guerrilla warfare. War and revolution against Napoleon's occupation led to the Spanish Constitution of 1812, later a cornerstone of European liberalism. -
Abdications of Bayonne
The Abdications of Bayonne is the name given to a series of forced abdications of the Kings of Spain that led to Spanish War of Independence which overlaps with the Peninsular War. -
Bayonne Constitution
1) The Bayonne Constitution declared Spain a constitutional monarchy with a senate, state council, cortes, and a single tolerated religion. The Bayonne Constitution limited the law of primogeniture, abolished internal tariffs and established a single tax system, liquidated feudal legal procedures, introduced a single code of civil and criminal law for Spain and its colonies, and proclaimed freedom of development for agriculture and industry in the colonies. -
Bayonne Constitution
2) The aim of the Bayonne Constitution was to draw the Spanish to the side of Napoleon and mask his supremacy in Spain. -
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Joseph I
1) Joseph somewhat reluctantly left Naples, where he was popular, and arrived in Spain where he was very unpopular indeed. Joseph came in under heavy fire from his opponents in Spain, who tried to smear his reputation by calling him Pepe Botella for his alleged heavy drinking.
His arrival sparked the legitimate Spanish revolt against French rule, and the beginning of the Peninsular War.Joseph temporarily retreated with much of the French Army to northern Spain. -
First Spanish Constitution
2) It’s a clear statement to Napoleon: this is still Spain, and we are still Spanish. But the constitution also says to the succession of corrupt monarchs who have been in power: enough! We want to rule ourselves now. As well as being designed to limit the absolute power of the monarch and outlawing corruption, it reduces the Church and nobility’s influence; and it protects the rights of the citizens. -
First Spanish Constitution
1) On 19 March 1812, Spain’s first constitution was drawn up in Cadiz, enshrining the rights of Spanish citizens and limiting the power of the monarchy. Although it was not enacted for some years, its influence was considerable, both within peninsular Spain and its territories around the world.
The constitution, has three initial main points: to confirm the legitimacy of the monarch; to enshrine the inviolability of the deputies; and to establish national sovereignty. -
First Spanish Constitution
3) It makes all men equal, giving them the right to vote; protects the freedom of the press; and supports reform of tax and land law (the removal of the feudal system). -
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Ferdinand VII First Period: Absolute King
After the Spanish victory over Napoleon in the war of Independence, Joseph I left Spain, and fernando VII returned to the Spanish throne.After becoming king, he abolished the Constitution in 1812 and ruled as an absolute monarch. -
Ferdinand VII
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Riego's Pronunciamiento
Was a military "coup d'état", carried out by Commander Rafael de Riego in Cabezas de San Juan. The pronouncement arose among the officers of the troops destined to fight against the American uprising, By the exclusion of the liberals from the government, together with the affiliation of Irrigation to Freemasonry, which contributed to its subsequent success. After the issuance of a proclamation the restoration of the constitutional authorities took place.
https://youtu.be/BBpdJE5GxxA -
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Ferdinand VII Second Period
The restoration of absolutism. When he returned to Spain, he had the support of the Spanish people, who received him as their legitimate king. He was also supported by absolutists, who demanded a return to the political system. -
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Ferdinand VII Third Period:
The liberal period. Some members of the Spanish military rebelled against this return absolutism and in 1820 there was a successful revolt led by two army officers, Riego and Quiroga. As a result, the king restored the liberal Constitution of 1812 and with it the rights and freedoms that had been suppressed. -
Cien mil Hijos de San Luis
Was a great army sent by France in 1823. The army crossed the Spanish borders and crossed the whole country followed the liberal government refugee in Cadiz, thus signifying the end of the Liberal Triennium and thus beginning the last period of the reign of Fernando VII, the called the Ominous Decade. -
Salic Law
2) However, King Ferdinand VII of Spain had fathered only two daughters, Isabella and Luisa Ferdinand of Bourbon. Ferdinand's father, Charles IV of Spain made a weak attempt to eliminate the Salic Law, and Ferdinand brought forth the Pragmatic Sanction of 1830, so that his oldest daughter would inherit the throne and be declared queen upon his death, as was the Spanish custom.
This removed his brother, Infante Carlos, Count of Molina, as the next in the line of succession under Salic Law. -
Salic Law
1) The Pragmatic Sanction of 1830 by King Ferdinand VII of Spain, ratified a Decree of 1789 by Charles IV of Spain, which had replaced the semi-Salic system established by Philip V of Spain with the mixed succession system that predated the Bourbon monarchy. When Philip V, from the French Bourbon acceded to the Spanish throne in the Spanish War of Succession, he brought with him the Salic Law, which restricted succession to the throne to the direct male line. -
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First Carlist War
The First Carlist War was a civil war in Spain from fought between factions over the succession to the throne and the nature of the Spanish monarchy. It was fought between supporters of the regent, Maria Christina, acting for Isabella II of Spain, and those of the late king's brother, Carlos de Borbón (or Carlos V). The Carlists supported return to an absolute monarchy. -
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Second Carlist War
The Second Carlist War, was a short civil war fought primarily in Catalonia by the Carlists under General Ramón Cabrera against the forces of the government of Isabella II. Theoretically, the war was fought to facilitate the marriage of Isabella II with the Carlist pretender, Carlos de Borbón (or Carlos VI), which was supported by the moderate party and by the Carlists. The marriage never took place, as Isabella II was wed to Francisco de Borbón. -
Spanish Glorious Revolution
The Spanish Glorious Revolution took place in Spain, resulting in the deposition of Queen Isabella II. Leaders of the revolution eventually recruited an Italian prince, Amadeo of Savoy, as king. His reign lasted two years, and he was replaced by the first Spanish Republic. That also lasted two years, until leaders in 1875 proclaimed Isabella's son, as King Alfonso XII in the Bourbon Restoration. -
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Amadeus of Savoy
1) After the Spanish revolution deposed Isabella II, the new Cortes decided to reinstate the monarchy under a new dynasty. The Duke of Aosta was elected King as Amadeus He swore to uphold the constitution in Madrid.Amadeo had to deal with difficult situations, with unstable Spanish politics, republican conspiracies...He could count on the support of only the progressive party. -
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Amadeus of Savoy
2) The progressives divided into monarchists and constitutionalists, which made the instability worse, and in 1872 there was a violent outburst of conflicts. There was a Carlist uprising in the Basque and Catalan regions, and after that. The artillery corps of the army went on strike, and the government instructed the King to discipline them.With the possibility of reigning without popular support. -
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Amadeus of Savoy
3) Amadeus issued an order against the artillery corps and then immediately abdicated from the Spanish throne in 1873. At ten o'clock that same night, Spain was proclaimed a republic, at which time Amadeo made an appearance before the Cortes, proclaiming the Spanish people ungovernable. -
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Third Carlists Wars
1) The Third Carlist War was the last Carlist War in Spain. During this conflict, Carlist forces managed to occupy several towns in the interior of Spain. The Third Carlist war began when Amadeo I of Savoy was crowned as King of Spain, instead of the Carlist pretender Carlos VII. The selection of Amadeo I was a great insult for the Carlists who at the time had strong support in northern Spain, especially in Catalonia, Navarre and the Basque Provinces. -
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Third Carlist War
2) The Third Carlist War became the final act of a long fight between Spanish progressives (centralists) and traditionalists which started after the Spanish Peninsular War and the promulgation of the constitution of Cadiz which ended the ancien regime in Spain. -
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First Republic
The First Spanish Republic was the short-lived political regime that existed in Spain between the parliamentary proclamation marked the beginning of the Bourbon Restoration in Spain. -
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Cuban War
It was a conflict between the United States and Spain that ended Spanish colonial rule in the Americas and resulted in U.S. acquisition of territories in the western Pacific and Latin America. -
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Joseph I
2)He proposed his own abdication from the Spanish throne, hoping that Napoleon would sanction his return to the Neapolitan Throne he had formerly occupied. Napoleon dismissed Joseph's misgivings out of hand; The Emperor sent a heavy French reinforcements to assist Joseph in maintaining his position as King of Spain.During his reign, he ended the Spanish Inquisition. Despite such efforts to win popularity. -
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Joseph I
3)During Joseph's rule of Spain, Mexico and Venezuela declared independence from Spain.King Joseph abdicated and returned to France after the main French forces were defeated by a British-led coalition at the Battle of Vitoria in 1813. He was seen by Bonapartists as the rightful Emperor of the French after the death of Napoleon's own are Napoleon II, although he did little to advance his claim.
