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Charles II of Spain
Charles II, bynamed Charles the Mad, Spanish Carlos "El Hechizado" (born November 6, 1661, Madrid, Spain—died November 1, 1700, Madrid), king of Spain from 1665 to 1700 and the last monarch of the Spanish Habsburg dynasty. He is noted for his extensive physical, intellectual, and emotional disabilities and his consequent ineffectual rule. -
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The War of Spanish Succesion
The War of the Spanish Succession was the first world war of modern times with theatres of war in Spain, Italy, Germany and Holland.
Charles II, king of Spain, died in 1700 without an heir.
In his will he gave the crown to the French prince Philip of Anjou.
Philip's grandfather, Louis XIV of France then proclaimed him king of Spain, and declared that France and Spain would be united. -
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The War of Spanish Succesion
French power was feared in Europe and the Grand Alliance aimed to put the Archduke Charles of Austria on the Spanish throne instead of Philip. War broke out and the French were defeated in several battles. In 1711, Emperor Joseph I of Austria died. His successor as emperor of the Holy Roman Empire was Archduke Charles of Austria. It became obvious that the European balance of power would be more seriously threatened if Charles got Spain as well as Austria than if Philip became king of Spain. -
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The War of Spanish Succesion
The renewed threat of Habsburg world power enabled Louis XIV of France to obtain favourable Peace terms in the Treaty of Utrecht (1713).
His grandson, Philip, became king of Spain on the condition that Spain and France would never be united. Great Britain received Gibraltar, Nova Scotia, the Hudson Bay territories and the monopoly of the slave trade with Latin America. The Austrian emperor at first refused to sign but a year later recognized the new order in the Peace of Rastatt (1714) -
The New Plantation decrees
The New Plantation decrees were a number of decrees signed between 1707 and 1716 by Philip V, the first Bourbon King of Spain, during and shortly after the end of the War of the Spanish Succession by the Treaty of Utrecht. Taking his native France as a model of a centralized state, Philip V suppressed the institutions, privileges, and the ancient charters of almost all the areas that were formerly part of the Crown of Aragon (Aragon, Catalonia, Valencia, and the Balearic Islands). -
The Treaty of Utrecht
The Treaty of Utrecht, which established the Peace of Utrecht, is a series of individual peace treaties, rather than a single document, signed by the belligerents in the War of the Spanish Succession, in the Dutch city of Utrecht in March and April 1713. -
CharlesIII
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Charles III
Charles III was the King of Spain and the Spanish Indies from 1759 to 1788. While he was the fifth son of Philip V of Spain, he was the eldest son of Philip's second wife, Elisabeth Farnese. In 1731, the 15-year-old Charles became the Duke of Parma and Piacenza, as Charles I.
In 1734, as Duke of Parma, he conquered the kingdoms of Naples and of Sicily, and was crowned king on 3 July 1735, reigning as Charles VII of Naples and Charles V of Sicily. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_III -
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Floridablanca
José Moñino y Redondo (Conde de Floridablanca) was a Spanish statesman. He was the reformist chief minister of King Charles III of Spain, and also served briefly under Charles IV. He was arguably Spain's most effective statesman in the eighteenth century. In Spain, he is simply known as Conde de Floridablanca. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mo%C3%B1ino,_1st_Count_of_Floridablanca -
The first Family Compact, the Treaty of the Escorial
Family Compact, several alliances between France and Spain in the form of agreements between the French and Spanish branches of the Bourbon family. The first of the three compacts, the Treaty of the Escorial (1733). With this pact the Bourbons would gain the Duchy of Lorraine, for France, and the Kingdoms of Naples and Sicily, for Charles, the third son of King Philip V of Spain. -
The second Family Compact
The second Family Compact was made on October 25, 1743 again by King Philip V of Spain and King Louis XV of France in the Treaty of Fontainebleau. This pact was signed in the middle of the War of Austrian Succession, and most of its clauses had to do with the conduct of the war. The result was the expansion of Spanish influence in Italy when Philip V's fourth son Philip, became in 1748 Duke of Parma, Piacenza and Guastalla. -
Canal de Castilla
The Canal of Castile (Canal de Castilla in Spanish) is a canal in the north of Spain. Constructed between the last half of the 18th century and the first half of the 19th century, it runs 207 km through the provinces of Burgos, Palencia and Valladolid
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The third Family Compact
The third Family Compact was made in the Treaty of Paris. At this time France was fighting the Seven Years' War against Great Britain. Charles's alliance reversed the policy of his predecessor, Ferdinand VI, who wished to keep Spain out of the war. The agreement involved Spain's allies Naples and Tuscany. When Spain became involved, the British occupied the Philippines and Cuba. Charles III recovered these possessions in the Treaty of Paris (1763), but ceded Florida to the British. -
The Esquilache Riots
The Esquilache Riots (Motín de Esquilache) occurred in March 1766 during the rule of Charles III of Spain. Caused mostly by the growing discontent in Madrid about the rising costs of bread and other staples, they were sparked off by a series of measures regarding Spaniards' apparel that had been enacted by Leopoldo de Gregorio, Marqués de Esquilache, a Neapolitan minister -
Expulsion of the Jesuits from Spain
The Jesuits were expelled from the Spanish Empire in 1767 as a result of a series of localized political moves rather than a theological controversy. Monarchies attempting to centralize and secularize political power viewed the Jesuits as being too international, too strongly allied to the papacy, and too autonomous from the monarchs in whose territory they operate -
Napoleon Bonaparte
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Joseph Napoléon Bonaparte
Joseph Napoléon Bonaparte (born Giuseppe Buonaparte; 7 January 1768 – 28 July 1844) n was a French diplomat and nobleman, the elder brother of Napoleon Bonaparte, who made him King of Naples and Sicily (1806–1808), and later King of Spain (1808–1813, as José I). After the fall of Napoleon, Joseph styled himself Comte de Survilliers. -
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Jovellanos
Gaspar Melchor de Jovellanos was a spanish statesman and author, one of the most important figures of the 18th-century Spanish Enlightenment. After studying law, Jovellanos was appointed to judicial posts at Sevilla and Madrid. He gained fame for his literary and scholarly activities, but from 1790 to 1797, after unsuccessfully intervening on behalf of a disgraced friend, he was banished from Madrid to his native province of Asturias. There he founded an institution to promote Asturian reform -
1st Treaty of San Ildefonso
The First Treaty of San Ildefonso was signed on 1 October 1777 between the Spanish Empire and the Portuguese Empire, shortly after the crowning of Mary I of Portugal and dismissal of Sebastião de Melo, Marquis of Pombal as de facto ruler of Portugal. The agreement mainly settled territorial disputes in the Río de la Plata region. -
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Charles IV
Charles IV was King of Spain after Charles III. Charles IV was the second son of Charles III and his wife, Maria Amalia of Saxony. He was born in Naples father was King of Naples and Sicily. His elder brother, Don Felipe, was passed over for both thrones, due to his learning disabilities and epilepsy. He was called El Cazador , due to his preference for sport and hunting, rather than dealing with affairs of the state. Charles was considered by many to have been amiable, but simple-minded. -
The execution of Louis XVI
The execution of Louis XVI, by means of the guillotine, took place on 21 January 1793 at the Place de la Révolution in Paris. It was a major event of the French Revolution. After events on the 10 August 1792, which saw the fall of the monarchy after the attack on the Tuileries by insurgents, Louis was arrested, interned in the Temple prison with his family, tried for high treason before the National Convention, convicted in a near-unanimous vote and condemned to death -
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The War of the Pyrenees
Fear of republican contamination from revolutionary France led Spain to ally with britain. This led France to declare the war to Spain in 1793. Spanish forces crossed the pyrennes in a call to protect traditional values. However Spain was unable to prevent frenh army from penetrating Catalonia, Navarre and the Basque Country. in 1794. A peace treaty in 1795 saw the French retire north of the Pyrennes in return of Half ohnSanto Domingo (nowadays Haiti). (Notes) -
2nd Treaty of San Ildefonso
The Second Treaty of San Ildefonso was signed on 19 August 1796 between Spain and the First French Republic. Based on the terms of the agreement, France and Spain would become allies and combine their forces against the British Empire. -
3rd Third Treaty of San Ildefonso
The Third Treaty of San Ildefonso was a treaty between France and Spain in which Spain returned the colonial territory of Louisiana to France. The treaty was concluded on 1 October 1800 between Louis Alexandre Berthier representing France and Don Mariano Luis de Urquijo for Spain. The treaty was negotiated under some duress, as Spain was under pressure from Napoleon, although Spain did gain the Tuscany area. -
The coronation of Napoleon I
The coronation of Napoleon as Emperor of the French took place on Sunday December 2, 1804 at Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris. It marked "the instantiation of modern empire" and was a "transparently masterminded piece of modern propaganda". Napoleon wanted to establish legitimacy of his Imperial reign, with its new royal family and new nobility. Therefore, he designed a new coronation ceremony that was unlike the ceremony used for the kings of France. -
The Battle of Trafalgar
The Battle of Trafalgar was a naval engagement fought by the British Royal Navy against the combined fleets of the French and Spanish Navies, during the War of the Third Coalition (August–December 1805) of the Napoleonic Wars (1803–1815). In this battle Spain was badly defeated by Nelson at Trafalgar
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Ferdinad VII
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Ferdinand VII
Ferdinand VII was king of Spain between March and May of 1808 and, after the expulsion of the "intruder king" Jose I Bonaparte and its return to the country, again from May of 1814 until its death, excepting the brief interval in 1823 in which it was dismissed by the Council of Regency.
Son and successor of Charles IV and Maria Luisa de Parma, deposed by their supporters in the Motin de Aranjuez, few monarchs enjoyed so much initial confidence and popularity on the part of the Spanish people. -
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Peninsular War
It was a military conflict between Napoleon's empire and the allied powers of Spain, Britain and Portugal for control of the Iberian Peninsula during the Napoleonic Wars. The war started when French and Spanish armies invaded and occupied Portugal in 1807, and escalated in 1808 when France turned on Spain, its ally until then. The war on the peninsula lasted until the Sixth Coalition defeated Napoleon in 1814, and is regarded as one of the first wars of national liberation.
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The Abdications of Bayonne
The Abdications of Bayonne is the name given to a series of forced abdications of the Kings of Spain that led to Spanish War of Independence, which overlaps with the Peninsular War. King Charles IV forced to abdicate the throne to his son Ferdinand VII in 1808 by order of the Spanish Royal Council. Napoleon's designation of his brother, Joseph, as King of Spain was resisted by the Spanish people. Napoleon was eventually forced to release Ferdinand, and appointed Ferdinand as the King of Spain. -
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Joseph I (reign of Spain)
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The 1st Spanish Constitution
The Spanish Constitution of 1812 was established on 19 March 1812 by the Cádiz Cortes, Spain's first national sovereign assembly, the Cortes Generales in refuge in Cádiz during the Peninsular War. It established the principles of universal male suffrage, national sovereignty, constitutional monarchy and freedom of the press, and supported land reform and free enterprise -
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The War of the Sixth Coalition
In the War of the Sixth Coalition, a coalition of Austria, Prussia, Russia, the United Kingdom, Portugal, Sweden, Spain and a number of German states finally defeated France and drove Napoleon into exile on Elba. After the disastrous French invasion of Russia of 1812, the continental powers joined Russia, the United Kingdom, Portugal and the rebels in Spain who were already at war with France.
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The Treaty of Fontainebleau
The Treaty of Fontainebleau was an agreement established in Fontainebleau, France between Napoleon I and representatives from the Austrian Empire, Russia, and Prussia. The treaty was signed at Paris by the plenipotentiaries of both sides, and ratified by Napoleon on 13 April. With this treaty, the allies ended Napoleon's rule as emperor of France and sent him into exile on Elba.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Fontainebleau_(1814) -
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Ferdinand VII second period
Ferdinand VII second period was between 1814 and 1820 during he restored absolutism, repealing the Constitution of Cadiz and chasing the liberals. After six years of war, the country and the Treasury were devastated, and successive Fernandan governments failed to restore the situation. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_VII_of_Spain -
Riego's Pronunciamiento
Riego's Pronunciamiento was a military "coup d'etat", carried out by the commander Rafael de Riego the 1 of January of 1820 in Cabezas de San Juan (Seville), the pronouncement arose between the officers of the troops destined to fight Against the American uprising, due to the existence of a great discomfort in the army at the end of 1819, by the exclusion of the liberals of the government -
Cien mil Hijos de San Luis
Cien mil Hijos de San Luis (known in France as "the expedition of Spain") were a French contingent with Spanish volunteers who fought in Spain in 1823 in defense of the Old regime, by which Ferdinand VII of Spain advocated, putting an end to The Realist War and the Liberal Triennium. https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cien_Mil_Hijos_de_San_Luis -
Salic Law of Succession
Salic Law of Succession, the rule by which, in certain sovereign dynasties, persons descended from a previous sovereign only through a woman were excluded from succession to the throne.
It was abolished on 29 March 1830 by King Ferdinand VII of Spain https://global.britannica.com/topic/Pragmatic-Sanction-of-King-Ferdinand-VII -
The Pragmatic Sanction
The Pragmatic Sanction of 1830 issued on 29 March 1830 by King Ferdinand VII of Spain, ratified a Decree of 1789 by Charles IV of Spain, which had replaced the semi-Salic system established by Philip V of Spain with the mixed succession system that predated the Bourbon monarchy -
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Isabella II reign
Isabella II (Spanish: Isabel; 10 October 1830 – 10 April 1904) was Queen of Spain from 1833 until 1868. She came to the throne as an infant, but her succession was disputed by the Carlists, who refused to recognize a female sovereign, leading to the Carlist Wars. After a troubled reign, she was deposed in the Glorious Revolution of 1868, and formally abdicated in 1870. Her son Alfonso XII became king in 1874. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabella_II_of_Spain -
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The 1st Carlist War
The Carlist Wars were a series of civil wars that took place in Spain during the 19th century. The contenders fought to establish their claim to the throne. The 1st Carlist War lasted more than seven years and the fighting spanned most of the country at one time or another, although the main conflict centered on the Carlist homelands of the Basque Country and Aragon, Catalonia and Valencia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlist_Wars -
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Amadeus of Savoy
Amadeus of Savoy was the only King of Spain from the House of Savoy. He was the second son of King Vittorio Emanuele II of Italy and was known for most of his life as the Duke of Aosta, but reigned briefly as King of Spain from 1870 to 1873.
He was elected by the Cortes as Spain's monarch in 1870, following the deposition of Isabella II, and sworn in the following year -
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The 2nd Carlist War
The Second Carlist War (1846–1849) was a minor Catalan uprising. The rebels tried to install Carlos VI on the throne. In Galicia, the uprising was on a smaller scale and was put down by General Ramón María Narváez. -
The Glorious Revolution
The Glorious Revolution took place in Spain in 1868, resulting in the deposition of Queen Isabella II. Leaders of the revolution eventually recruited an Italian prince, Amadeo of Savoy, as king. His reign lasted two years, and he was replaced by the first Spanish Republic. That also lasted two years, until leaders in 1875 proclaimed Isabella's son, as King Alfonso XII in the Bourbon Restoration. -
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Amadeus of Savoy (Amadeo I reign)
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The 3rd Carlist War
The Third Carlist War began in the aftermath of the deposition of one ruling monarch and abdication of Queen Isabella II who was overthrown by a conspiracy of liberal generals in 1868, and left Spain in some disgrace. The Cortes replaced her with Amadeo, the Duke of Aosta . Then, when the Spanish elections of 1872 resulted in government violence against Carlist candidates and a swing away from Carlism, the Carlist pretender, Carlos VII, decided that only force of arms could win him the throne. -
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First Republic
The First Spanish Republic was the short-lived political regime that existed in Spain between the parliamentary proclamation on 11 February 1873 and 29 December 1874 when General Arsenio Martínez-Campos's pronunciamento marked the beginning of the Bourbon Restoration in Spain. The Republic's founding started with the abdication as King of Amadeo I, following the Hidalgo Affair, when he had been required by the radical government to sign a decree against the artillery officers. -
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Cuban War
The Cuban War of Independence (1895–1898) was the last of three liberation wars that Cuba fought against Spain, the other two being the Ten Years' War (1868–1878) and the Little War (1879–1880). The final three months of the conflict escalated to become the Spanish–American War, with United States forces being deployed in Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippine Islands against Spain. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuban_War_of_Independence -
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The Spanish–American War
The Spanish–American War was a conflict fought between Spain and the United States in 1898. Hostilities began in the aftermath of the internal explosion of the USS Maine in Havana harbor in Cuba leading to United States intervention in the Cuban War of Independence. American acquisition of Spain's Pacific possessions led to its involvement in the Philippine Revolution and ultimately in the Philippine–American War. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War
