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The Quiet Revolution
Quebec experienced a period of social and economic progression throughout the 1960s, called La Revolution Tranquille (The Quiet Revolution).
- A time of change in Quebec that created a large surge in Quebec nationalism. -
Period: to
Quebec Separatism
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First FLQ Bomb Death (TURNING POINT #1)
A series of urban bombings targeted at British-owned banks, businesses, McGill University, and so on
- Extreme separatist organization Front de Libération du Québec (FLQ) claimed its first death: Wilfred O'Neill. -
Creation of the Parti Quebecois, emerged from 2 movements
1) Movement Souverainte Association
- Formed to encourage sovereignty
- Beginning of Québec’s independence from Canada 2) Ressemblement pour l'independance national
- Political organization
- Its purpose was to promote Québec’s national independence -
Official Languages Act
Made English and French the official languages of Canada
- Increased the role of French-speaking citizens in Canada -
October Crisis
Triggered by two kidnappings of government officials by members of the Front de liberation du Quebec (FLQ)
- FLQ kidnapped British Trade Commissioner, James Cross and Quebec Cabinet Minister, Pierre Laporte
- War Measures Act was enforced to maintain safety in Quebec
- Pierre Laporte was assassinated; government freed FLQ members in exchange for James Cross
- It highlightcted violent efforts Québec’s sovereignty -
Bill 101, or the Charter of the French Language (TURNING POINT #2)
Put French as the official language of Quebec
- French was now the primary language of workplaces, of instruction, of communications, of commerce and of business -
First Quebec Referendum
People of Quebec were asked whether “Quebec should pursue a path toward sovereignty”
- Result: 40.44% yes, 59.56% no -
The Canada Act
The Canada Act was passed by the British Parliament at the request of the Canadian government, ending the “request and consent” provisions from the 1931.
- Patriation thus specifically refers to making the constitution amendable by Canada only, with no role for the Parliament of the United Kingdom to play in the amending process. -
Second Quebec Referendum
The people of Quebec were once again asked whether Quebec should proclaim national sovereignty
- Result: 49.42% yes & 50.58% no
- Reject independence by 1% -
Quebecois considered a "nation" within Canada (TURNING POINT #3)
PM Harper declares that Quebec is a nation within the United Canada
