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1500
Land Bridge
The Land Bridge was created after the ice age, the water retracted into ice and it created the bridge in the middle of the frozen water that would go from Russia to Alaska. The animals walked across this bridge ending up in North America and because the Russians and Asians depended on the animals for food, they followed them to North America. -
1500
First Occupants
There were 2 types:
Nomadic Algonquin Hunters in the Canadian Shield and Sedentary Iroquois Farmers in the Lowlands.
Oldest traces were from 30 000 BC
They were free occupants, meaning they had no private land/property
They settled in the North-East of America in 1500.
Migration by the Bering Straight/Land Bridge -
1534
Jacques Cartier's Voyages
Jacques Cartier's goal given to him by the King was to find a new route to Asia, find gold, riches and spices and to find more land to expand the King's Territory.
In all 3 trips, Cartier discovered the Gulf of St. Lawrence and Quebec. Instead of finding gold, he found lots of fish, timber and furs. They learned how to survive Winter and scurvy and brought back Native captives. They also failed at their attempt to set up a colony and missionaries tried to convert Natives. -
Relations with the Native People
The French allied with the Algonquins And Hurons.
English allied With Iroquois.
-The Aboriginal population was decimated because of diseases and wars.
-There was crossbreeding between different cultural groups.
-There were changes in how the territory was occupied
-Reciprocal influences -
Samuel de Champlain
Samuel de Champlain's was part of the first settlement in 1605 called Port Royal, but that failed because of its position. He was then sent on another voyage that took place in 1608-1609 and his goal was to set up a trading post near Quebec, close to the river and it would be called New France. -
Seigneurial Regime
In order to cultivate the colony, it was necessary to use seigniorial system which was a method of land division. The King would give the land to rich French Men who would be considered seigneurs or Lords. They would have to develop the land and receive rent from peasants/censitaires who lived on it. Everyone had responsibilities. Their goal was to influence new settlers to come to New France and keep them organized. -
Creation of Towns and Villages
There were 3 towns created, all along the St. Lawrence River. Quebec was created first in 1608, following that was the creation of Trois- Rivières in 1634 and after that, Montreal was created in 1642. Besides these 3 small towns, New France was pretty much all rural. -
Jean Talon
-Jean wanted everyone to come to NF except the Huguenots and the French Protestants
-Soldiers were offered free land if they agreed to stay in NF after their service was done
-Minor criminals trying to escape going to prison in France
-Files du roi, from the streets of France. They were married chosen by men from a lineup, based on looks
-Payments were also given to couples who married young
-Fathers of unmarried girls paid fines. Bachelors over 21 paid fines\ hoping to increase the population -
What the Europeans/Natives learned from each other
Europeans learned:
How to survive winter: clothing, travel
1. How to eat: Corn, Pumpkins, maple syrup
2. They showed them some medicines: Get rid of scurvy (Lack of 3. Vitamin C)
4. Clothing (Learned how to make a jacket out of fur).
Natives learned:
1. Shown weapons, iron tools,
2. Foods like salt, bread
3. Suffered because of alcohol and disease -
Alliances between the Natives and Europeans
-The British allied with the Iroquois.
-The French allied with the Algonquins and the Hurons (Hurons were very similar to Iroquois, they from the same family, but they didn't like each other.)
-The French fought with the Algonquins in their battles to show they were true allies.
-The Algonquins had an advantage over the Iroquois since they always knew where they were since they were sedentary, but iroquois didn't know where Algonquins were since they were always moving and following the animals. -
Composition of the Population
Effects of natural and migratory movements:
-Men were more useful then women as they were more suitable for fur trade responsibilities.
-Composition of the population; Europeans, Aboriginals, Métis (Part European, part Amerindian) and Slaves.
-Social classes; Nobility/Elite (Governor)
Middle Class/Bourgeoisie (Seignuers)
Peasants/Habitant (censitaries ) -
British Immigration
Immigration policies:
Once British took control, only the very rich French would leave (Most of them had businesses back home). 99% French and 1% English, but they are still under British control. 1763, wealthy British businessman arrive. 1791, British will grant land to shipping ad railroad companies. 1812, Laws were created to not encourage emigration Upper Canada. 1840, Colonial Land and Emigration Commission with permanent immigration office in London. Propaganda will encourage immigration. -
Slavery
-Slavery started off with the Natives in North America, but they were able to escape since they knew how to survive in their territory.
-Black slaves were brought to Foreign Countries, they were owned by the British during the 17th, 18th centuries.
-Loyalist slaves were in small groups, they had different jobs; domestic servants, farm hands, and skilled artisans.
-Slavery was banned in 1763, but the Imperial Act of 1790 gave rich immigrants the right to keep their slaves as their property. -
Loyalists
Loyalists are people who are loyal to the King of Britain.
Once the war of Independence ended, all the loyalists living in the 13 colonies moved to Canada and Quebec, since they are loyal to the King.
36,000 loyalists came to Canada and 6,000 came to Quebec and.
the English population in Quebec increased from 1% to 10% because of them.
The Loyalists settled into the Township system and gave their settlements English names. -
Constitutional Act
It was an act of the British Parliament creating Upper Canada and Lower Canada in 1791. Even if its goal was to solve the problems from before the separation, it was very likely for rebellion in the two Canadas because most people were still unhappy -
The Irish
-After 1815, when the English population was 10%, they needed help to make that a bigger number.
-The English offered white anglophones land for free, the Irish took the opportunity because of Irish Potato Famine and potato was 80% of their diet.
-The Irish would take a 3 month boat ride in the worst conditions possible.
-When they got there, the sick people had to stay on Grosse-Île, so that they can get healthy again withgout spreading their disease/sickness. -
Emigration to the United States and the West
-Since it was the industrial revolution, there were too many farmers, forcing a good amount to move the city.
-Later on, city life got overpopulated because of urbanization.
-This led to emigration to the United States because of better jobs and living conditions
-Or, they were able to go to free land in the West (Outaouais, Témiscamingue and Western Canada) -
Colonization of new regions in the British Regime
-Since people need to move out because of overpopulation, this led to new territories; Saguenay, Laurentides, Abitibi-Témiscamingue, Mauricie and Outaouais being colonized.
-Before populating it, the people had to cut down tress and get rid of the forests,
-This was highly encouraged by the Church because the city life was filled with alcohol and drugs, which isn't for their people.
-These territories were successful as long as they had some natural resources. -
Composition of the population - British Regime
-French-Canadian is still the majority of the population, but the English population is still growing as they still get lots of immigrants.
-The Ethnic groups from different cities are divided up based on territory -
Increase of the Urban Population
The Industrial revolution overpopulated the city which created the beginning of suburbs.
Effects of urbanization;
-Rural Exodus (Moving from country to city)
-Development of working class neighbourhoods (The poor lived in suburbs within walking distance from their jobs. Rich lived further away, but took their horses to work)
-Reversal of urban and rural populations (Nice and gross neighbourhoods depending on if you are rich or poor)
-Urban sprawl (When houses spread to open land near the city) -
Colonization of new regions
The effects of the opening up of new regions on the society and territory:
-To stop people from emigration to the United States and making them stay in Canada.
-Helps towards the growth and occupation of territory like Côte-Nord, Abitibi, Gaspésie, The Laurentians.
-It will create new communities -
Policies Promoting immigration in the contemporary period
-Canada and Quebec now share Immigration powers because of the BNA
-The National Policy of 1878 was to recruit immigration to Canada by giving away free lands, they were mainly looking for railroad companies, so that they could help to settle West.
-There was a lot of immigration happening because of world wars and other international events, this is probably because of destroyed property.
-Immigration policies were discriminatory until 1945, different cultures besides protestants were accepted -
Composition of the population
The effects on the population:
-The French Canadians are still the majority of the population
- Before 1945, the population was pretty much only whites and protestants, but that changed after the Second World War, Canada had immigrants from all over the world.
-refugees and young educated people are welcomed, but immigrants over 85 years old are not let in and. -
Relations with the Native population
-The Indian Act of 1876 made certain agreements that would make things more fair between the Europeans and the Natives.
-The expansion of a golf course needed to go on Native territory buto they made road blocks in attempt to stop the expansion. The Canadian Army had to get involved to calm the situation, but once it was over, nothing changed
-The James Bay agreement to build the dam was signed in 1975 and the Peace of the Braves in 2002. -
The impact of emigration towards the United States and the West
2 effects that it has on the formation of the population;
-At the end of 19th century and beginning of 20th, there was not enough employment in the agricultural sector, (not enough or too many people working there).
-All the educated and skilled workers left Canada to richer countries like the USA to find better opportunities. Canada was extracted of a lot of smart people, this is called the brain drain
