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The Commercial Revolution was a period of European economic expansion, colonialism, and mercantilism which lasted from approximately the late 13th century until the early 18th century. It was succeeded in the mid-18th century by the Industrial Revolution. Beginning with the Crusades, Europeans rediscovered spices, silks, and other commodities rare in Europe.
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In England there were a marked increase in the consumption and variety of "luxury" goods and products by individuals from different economic and social backgrounds.
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In the 1633 trial of Galileo Galilei, two worlds come into cosmic conflict. Galileo's world of science and humanism collides with the world of Scholasticism and absolutism that held power in the Catholic Church. The result is a tragedy that marks both the end of Galileo's liberty and the end of the Italian Renaissance.
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He transformed the monarchy, ushered in a golden age of art and literature, presided over a dazzling royal court at Versailles, annexed key territories and established his country as the dominant European power.
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The Baroques often thought of as a period of artistic style that used exaggerated motion. Clear, easily interpreted detail to produce drama, tension, exuberance, and grandeur in sculpture, painting, architecture, literature, dance, theater, and music.
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Historically, such policies frequently led to war and also motivated colonial expansion. Mercantilist theory varies in sophistication from one writer to another and has evolved over time.
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The treaties did not restore peace throughout Europe, but they did create a basis for national self-determination. The Peace of Westphalia established the precedent of peaces established by diplomatic congress, and a new system of political order in central Europe, later called Westphalian sovereignty, based upon the concept of co-existing sovereign states. Inter-state aggression was to be held in check by a balance of power.
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The "Golden Age" was when Dutch trade, science, military, and art were important to the Dutch. The trade between Dutch and other countries involved a huge migration of Natives from the Southern Netherlands.
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Hobbes wrote a book about the anatomy of men and images of man as a matter in motion which he believed he can show through example how everything about humanity can be explained through materialistically
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The English Civil War was a series of armed conflicts and political machinations between Parliamentarians and Royalists over, principally, the manner of England's government. This was over the control over government in England and rule of kingdoms
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Navigation Acts were a series of laws that restricted the use of foreign ships for trade between the colonies and any country except Britain. It ended about 200 years later
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The Restoration of the English monarchy began in 1660 when the English, Scottish and Irish monarchies were all restored under Charles II after the Interregnum that followed the Wars of the Three Kingdoms. King Charles the II was the first monarch to rule after the English Restoration
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The Test Acts were a series of English penal laws that served as a religious test for public office and imposed various civil disabilities on Roman Catholics and nonconformists.
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When he was 10, him and his brother, Ivan I, ruled jointly until Ivan died ten years later
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In the summer of 1683, the main army of the Ottoman Empire, a large and well-equipped force, besieged Vienna. Ottomans tried to overthrow the kingdom which took a few months
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European politics, philosophy, science and communications were radically reoriented during the course of the “long 18th century”
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This was an edict issued by King Louis XIV. The Edict of Nantes granted the Huguenots the right to practice their religion without persecution from the state
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This was about how Newton tried to find out how the sun orbited around Earth and Vice Versa
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The Glorious Revolution, also called the Revolution of 1688, was the overthrow of King James II of England. James was overthrown by a union of English Parliamentarians with the Dutch stadtholder William III of Orange-Nassau
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The First Treatise is based on the refutation of Sir Robert Filmer, which argued that civil society was founded on a divinely sanctioned patriarchalism. The second is outlines a theory of civil society.
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The War of the Spanish Succession was the first world war of modern times with theatres of war in Spain, Italy, Germany, Holland, and at sea. This was started because of the death of King OG Charles II
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It is never really explained when the last appearance of the Bubonic plague really was but it's last sighting was back in the late 1990s, in India
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It's like a very much later version of "Baroque" and is an 18th century artistic movement and style, affecting many of the arts liek painting, sculpting, interiors designing, music, etc..
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The War of the Austrian Succession involved most of the powers of Europe over the question of Maria Theresa's succession to the realms of the House of Habsburg. This war was pointless
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Frederick II, known as Frederick the Great, was Prussia's king from 1740 to 1786. By winning wars and expanding territories, he established Prussia as a strong military power. He was 28 when he started his rule as the "King of Prussia" after his father, Frederick William I, passed away
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She began her reign when her father, Emperors Charles VI, died. As a young monarch who fought two dynastic wars, she believed that her cause should be the cause of her subjects, but in her later years she would believe that their cause must be hers.
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Classical music has a lighter, clearer texture than Baroque music and is less complex. It is mainly homophonic—a clear melody above a subordinate chordal accompaniment.
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Classical music has a lighter, clearer texture than Baroque music and is less complex. It is mainly homophonic—a clear melody above a subordinate chordal accompaniment.
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The Agricultural Revolution was a period of technological improvement and increased crop productivity that occurred during the 18th and early 19th centuries in Europe.
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Classical music has a lighter, clearer texture than Baroque music and is less complex. It is mainly homophonic—a clear melody above a subordinate chordal accompaniment.
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The Diplomatic Revolution of 1756 was the reversal of longstanding alliances in Europe between the War of the Austrian Succession and the Seven Years' War.
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The Seven Years’ War essentially comprised two struggles. One centered on the maritime and colonial conflict between Britain and its Bourbon enemies, France and Spain; the second, on the conflict between Frederick II (the Great) of Prussia and his opponents: Austria, France, Russia, and Sweden.
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In the early 1700s, there was an "enclosure movement" that was a cause of the industrial revolution in England. The enclosure movement was this: wealthy farmers bought land from small farmers, then benefited from economies of scale in farming huge tracts of land.
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His famous idea, 'man is born free, but he is everywhere in chains' challenged the traditional order of society. Where previous philosophers had spoken of elites, Rousseau became the champion of the common person. His perfect world was one in which the will of the people was most important.
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Catherine had great relations with Japan, Western Europe, had partitions with Poland, and Catherine waged a new war against Persia in 1796 after they, under the new king Agha Mohammad Khan, had again invaded Georgia and established rule over it in 1795 and had expelled the newly established Russian garrisons in the Caucasus.
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The American Revolution was a political upheaval that took place between 1765 and 1783 during which colonists in the Thirteen American Colonies rejected the British monarchy and aristocracy, overthrew the authority of Great Britain, and founded the United States of America.
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The First Partition of Poland took place in 1772 as the first of three partitions that ended the existence of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth by 1795. Growth in the Russian Empire's power, threatening the Kingdom of Prussia and the Habsburg Austrian Empire, was the primary motive behind this first partition.
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An important theme that persists throughout the work is the idea that the economic system is automatic, and, when left with substantial freedom, able to regulate itself.
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The French Revolution is a period in the History of France, covering the years 1789-1799, in which the monarchy was overthrown and radical restructing was forced upon the Roman Catholic Church.
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Haitian Revolution (1791-1804) The Haitian Revolution has often been described as the largest and most successful slave rebellion in the Western Hemisphere. Slaves initiated the rebellion in 1791 and by 1803 they had succeeded in ending not just slavery but French control over the colony.
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This is about women's rights and being moral subjects during the 18th century
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After seizing political power in France in a 1799 coup d’état, he crowned himself emperor in 1804.
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While still a medical student, Jenner noticed that milkmaids who had contracted a disease called cowpox, which caused blistering on cow’s udders, did not catch smallpox. He was the first man to administer and make a vaccine for Smallpox for the whole world
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The first goal was to establish a new balance of power in Europe which would prevent imperialism within Europe, such as the Napoleonic empire, and maintain the peace between the great powers.
