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Dec 8, 1500
First occupants:1500
(Natives didn't have a government.) -
Dec 9, 1500
First occupants: Iroquois
The Iroquois society was Matriarchy (the system is controlled by women).
. The women were in charge of the decision making and leadership. -
Dec 9, 1500
First occupants: Algonquins
The Algonquins society was Patriarchy (The system is controlled by , the head man in the family) . The Father played a important role in the leadership. -
Period: Dec 9, 1500 to
Power
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French Regime: 1608-1760
(1608- first permanent settlement.) -
French Regime: power
In 1608 was the first permanent settlement.
The Iroquois were better to be allied with, since they lived a sedentary life, you always knew where they were.
The influence on aboriginal peoples on power:
A military alliance to help the fur trade.
The french - Hurons, was the group that traded with the French.
French and Iroquois fought, french won and took over until 1703.
The English - Iroquois. They were allied with the British and fought the french for control on the fur trade. -
French Regime: Peace treaty
The Great peace treaty of Montreal: was a peace treaty between the Natives and the French. The peace treaty worked for 16 years.
French allied with the Hurons and Algonquins. -
French regime: power relations between the Church and the state
The clergy was everywhere.
Priests were in charge of the parishes.
Priests working as missionaries.
Nuns were working in hospitals.
You did what the church said or you were excommunicated. -
French Regime: Alter the political situation
The companies who had a monopoly were destroying NF.
The King put the minister marine in charge, Jean-Baptiste Colbert. Colbert and the King stayed in France as the Souvereign council and ran New France. -
French Regime: Kings control
Because the King was all the way in France he didn't have as much control over New France because of the distance between them. In the case of France the King is more powerful then god.
Monopoly was destroying New France. The king stopped the monopoly and put New France under, Jean Baptiste-Colbert as the minister of marine.Colbert and the King of France implemented the Royal Government ,1663. -
French Regime: Sovereign council roles
Governor: has the post power in New France, the head of the army, dealt with external affairs. He had veto power.
Intendant: He influences your daily life, he decided where the money gets spent. Took care of the financials and business side of New France.
Bishop: was appointed by the Pope, oversaw Parish Priests, hospitals, schools, charities. Captain of Militia was not on the council but still had power. The Captain took care of all the problems on the seigneurie. -
French Regime: Power relations between the colony and the mother country
The influence of decisions made by the mother country had power on the colony. Not everything the king said would be followed through.
Absolute monarchy: The King stills can change decisions that the colony makes. -
Life in New France
There were official rules but there were no police, if you had a problem you often dealt with it yourselves. They lived a good life, but work was physically demanding about 10 hours a day. Because the territory was not really developping so they took care of themselves. -
British Rule: 1760- 1867
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British Rule: British and French
After the Plaines of Abraham, the british beat the french then french surrendered new france in the meantime they set up north america rules and regulations, Then there was a document that stated that the french surrendered New France. The document was called the Articles of Capitulation, 1760. -
British Rule: The Articles of Capitulation (1760
The Articles of Capitulation stated:
1. The French Militia could go back home and not lose their property.
2. The French military would leave there guns and leave.
3. The people would practice R.C religion, but the Bishop had to leave.
4.The people who stayed would become british subjects -
British Rule: Treaty of Paris, 1763
After the 7 year war ended, New France was is given to the king of England. Britain and France start to settle things. St. Pierre and Miquelon are still French territories though. King puts a constitution so he can control the people, he needs rules and regulations. British want the French to disappear. British think they are better than the french. They want to assimilate the French. -
British Rule: Royal Proclamation 1763
The Royal Proclamation are the new rules for Quebec:
1. It gives the King’s new colony a name, The Province of Quebec.
2.It decreases the borders to just around the St-Lawrence river valley. (They shrink the borders, so the French can stay in a specific place.)
3.Civilian Government is put in place to run the new colony: the King picks a Governor who then picks members of an Executive Council .
Civilian Government: run by civilians, abolished the royal government, (mostly english people). -
British Rule: Difficulties for the first Governors
James Murray found the Royal Proclamation not flexible, because only 1% of the population of Quebec was Eng/Protestant. To make the French Roman Catholics a little happiert, he bent the rules. He didn’t want a war, he wanted the farmers, the businessmen, the English, the French to get along. He changes it the Royal Proclamation, because he has veto power. He allowed a new Bishop He allowed the civil French laws. -
British Rule: Royal Proclamation 1763 (continuation)
4.The King brings in English Criminal and Civil laws.
5. No more seigneurial system, (land divided in rectangles, the french way). Unused land was divided in the township system (land divided in squares, the english way).
6.No new Bishop would be allowed. There was no leader for religion.
7.No Roman Catholics (no french), could hold public office, only protestants. -
British Rule: Difficulties of the first Governors (continuation 1)
He did not call an elected assembly because it would favor the English Merchants. Any new roads, laws, etc. would benefit the merchants. They were making the rules. -
British Rules: Difficulties of the first Governors (continuation 2)
The English Merchants were didn't like the Governor’s policies and demanded a new Governor from the King. They got Guy Carleton who would keep the same polices of Murray. Carleton pertty much does the same thing Murray did, but he has a problem he needs to keep the french happy because he is scared that the french will team up with the Americans and rebel on him. “No one is happy in the new Province of Quebec” Reflects James murals policies. -
British Rule: The Quebec Act, 1774
The Quebec Act was put in place so that the French would be loyal. It was created for the soul purpose to guarantee the loyalty, the territory had been expanded and there will no longer be an elected assembly. It is now a council being appointed with 17 member. Tithe and land division return.Any one can hold office if you swear allegiance to the king,it is no longer controlled by religion. -
British Rule: Difficulties of the first Governors (continuation 3)
-The 13 colonies were unhappy because they had fought to gain control of the Ohio Valley. It was denied to them.
Americans, were mad at the royal proclamation because they helped fight the french, they aren’t allowed to take any of the land that they had won. -
British Rule: The Quebec Act, 1774 (continuation)
ALL THOSE FACTORS MADE THE AMERICANS MAD! Americans were upset because they wanted to expand the Western pat for the French, but they didn’t let the American’s expand west.
In the US:
In the states the americans are mad, they don’t like what the british do with the quebec act. Britain didn’t think that they helped in the european wars and taxes them on everything. -
British Rule: Loyalists
American War of Independence. The americans beat the british and the loyalists are no longer allowed to stay in the 13 colonies, so they headed to quebec. 36,000 loyalists came to Canada (Most settled in the Maritimes). 6,000 loyalists came to Quebec (Most settled West of Montreal) English population increased from 1% to 10%. -
British Rule: Loyalists (continuation)
British who came into the Province of New France wanted things the way they were used to:
They settled according to the Township system.
They gave their settlements English names.
The Loyalists were used to English civil laws.
They were used to having elected assemblies.
They started writing petitions to London for change. -
British Rule: Constitutional Act, 1791
The loyalists finally got what they wanted after years. The constitutional act was: Quebec being separated into 2:
Lower Canada: Quebec, the Quebec Act, population (160 000 fr). French kept their laws, religion. Upper Canada: Ontario, British people. population (20 000 eng). The Ottawa River was the boundary. English, protestants, use township system, English laws. -
British Rule: Representative Government
The Constitutional Act 1791, caused a change of goverment: English still thinks they're better than everyone else and superior and want everything there way. Representative Government: Is a trick/fake government, to make the people feel like they have a say in the government decisions. Only men had a say, but the king can always veto. -
British Rule: Representative Goverment (continuation 1)
King
British Parliament
In the Canadas: Governor: is picked by the Parliament. Everyone can vote on a law, and he can change it, he has veto. Oversees both Canadas.
Each Canada had:
Lieutenant Governor: They’re the governor's right hand man. Executive Council: Picked by the Governor. They advise the governor. These people are his eyes, ears, and give advice. Usually rich English merchants. -
British Rule: Faults in the representative government
In upper Canada the system relatively worked.
In lower Canada they system had some flaws. legislative Assembly want to tax the businesses, but that won't help the council. They disagree and use their power to their fullest extent. -
British Rule: Representative Government (continuation 2)
Legislative Council: They make the laws, they get elected. They could create laws.Usually, lower class people, farmers. Create taxes and laws on businesses. These landowners are creating laws that benefit them. Ordinary people: vote for the Legislative Assembly. In upper Canada the system relatively worked.
In lower Canada they system had some flaws. legislative Assembly want to tax the businesses, but that won't help the council. They disagree and use their power to their fullest extent. -
The Rebellions: 1837-1838
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The Rebellions: Settling
The Rebellions happened because of the faults in the Constitutional Act.
Many settled in Upper Canada because they were english speaking, some settled in Lower Canada because they were catholics.
Rebellions increased Upper Canada's population by a lot and made upper Canada's population bigger than lower Canada.
Population:
Lower Canada: 1791: 150 000 / 1861: 1 152 000
Upper Canada: 1791: 10, 000 / 1861: 1 396 000 -
The Rebellions: Growing Discontent in Lower Canada
The Constitutional act had established representative government but those who could be elected held no real power. Lower Canada is getting mad because they don't feel as though their rights are getting noticed and their losing power. Language was an issue, both Canada's didn't have any power, but the Constitutional Act made it seem like they did but they didn’t. -
The Rebellions: Growing Discontent in Lower Canada (continuation 1)
By the 1830's two different groups: British Parti : Controlled the councils, it was the upper parti, spent money on public works. Control over the Upper parliament. (the English) Parti Canadian: Controlled the assembly, had power over taxes. Was the Lower parti.(the French) Some people known as “Patriotes” began speaking of a violent uprising as a solution a rebellion. They began to form and talk to each other about a violent takeover of Quebec.They were basically the militia army. -
The Rebellions: Responsible Government (part 1)
Responsible Government was adopted slowly:
1842: The Prime minister would select members of the executive council from the assembly. Prime minister can only take people from the legislative Assembly
1848: Governor Lord Elgin would be the first to not use his veto powers, and allow the Prime minister (majority holder) to have executive powers. -
The Rebellions: Responsible Government (part 2)
Responsible Government structure:
The people would elect the Leg. Assembly (Parliament) 42, voted in. Made the laws. This is the general assembly. The Prime minister ( most votes, Executive Council). Cabinet would be made up of the people who were elected. The Governor and the Legislative council were still appointed but did not intervene . -
The Rebellions: Growing Discontent in Lower Canada (continuation 2)
Bad weather lead to bad harvests → Famine → Disease.
If you were a farmer, you were out of luck. You were not in great conditions.
More and more immigrants were arriving making land/jobs scarce
The assembly wanted the councils to be elected. -
The Rebellions: Patriotes
Leader of the patriots was Louis Joseph Papineau, in 1834 he wrote the 92 resolutions (a list of demands that would make the French equal to the English). They wanted the Responsible Government members be from the elected assembly. Around 3 years later his response from the king was that the king rejected the ideas. -
The Rebellions: Patriotes (continuation 1)
92 resolutions were rejected, Lord John Russell responded with the 10 new and different Resolutions. Papineau was mad because the 10 resolutions were accepted, and the French were mad because they were still not equal to the british. -
The Rebellions: Patriotes (continuation 2)
This response was taken as an insult and rebellions broke out in both Upper and Lower Canada.
Lower Canada’s Rebellion was lead by Louis Joseph Papineau and after several battles the rebellion was put down.
The Patriotes are supported by the clergy but they don’t have enough support outside Montreal and fail. They were poorly organized. and equiped. Church says they agree with the people, but the Church doesn’t agree with the war. -
The Rebellions: Lord Dhurham
Britain sends Lord Durham was sent to the Canada’s to investigate and give his opinion on what to do. Lord Durham’s Recommendations: Britain brings in English people to come to Lower so the English population increases and the French population decreases. -
The Rebellions: Patriotes (continuation 3)
Results of the rebellions:
12 Patriotes were hanged outside Montreal’s prison as a symbol
Which the church supported just not the violence part. 58 were exiled to Australia.
The ones who rebelled and committed treason were sent to Australia. -
The Rebellions: Lord Durham (continuation)
The two Canada’s should be united. The British thought that just put the two Canadas together, because now the English will now always win because there's a much higher English population, so there was no need for the representative government. Responsible Government should be able to get rid of the veto power. All the recomendations were rejected. -
The Rebellions: Act of Union, 1840
Act of unions, 1840 (4th constitution) 1.Creates the Prov. of Canada consisting of Canada East and West (was upper and lower Canada). but now they’re considered two different provinces. 2.Canada east and west each had 42 members to its assembly.- Governor still had control and veto power.
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The Rebellions: Act of union 1840 (continuation)
4.Canada east and west would equally pay for Canada’s debts Canada West had bigger debts than Canada East, and they were mad because Canada East had to pay their bills.
People were elected and chosen, and the legislative assembly made the laws. Governor doesn’t use their veto power. Our governor has veto power but doesn’t use it, and if they use their veto power then we are no longer a responsible government. -
The Contemporary Period: 1867-present
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The contemporary period: Influence power of church
Church is still influencing everyday life.
1837, the bishops became more and more powerful,
-Church was still in charge of registering births, marriages, deaths.
-Controlling education (Laval University 1852) Businessmen made new schools, so they don’t have to follow the religious education.
-Orphanages, Shelters, Charities, Religious festivals
-R.C. Church attendance was very high
-Protestants were divided.
-Protestant Universities: McGill(1821), Bishops(1843) -
Contemporary period: Politics in the 1860's
The political system had become responsible.
The Responsible government, couldn’t agree on who’s in charge. Provinces are running independently on each other, they agree that they should have some type of merger.
-The party leaders agreed a merger (2 Canada's would become 1) was necessary, meetings were needed to discuss such things: -
Contemporary period: The Quebec conference
Meeting's for the Merger: Oct. 1864-Same members as last time (+ Nfld.) They agreed on 72 resolutions that would make the merger possible. This meeting was to figure out details and work on the rules we would follow. A federal system 24 seats to each colony (total 72 seats) -
Contemporary period: Quebec Conference (continuation)
Assembly elected by (representation by population)
Build a railway between colonies to link all the provinces. -Nfld, and PEI withdrew
-Parti Rouge opposed the federation. They didn’t want to be with the federal government because the British were already against them.
-the assembly of the Canada’s passed confederation (narrowly) -
Contemporary period: The London Conference
-The other Prov’s would join between 1870 and 1949.
-Being a Federal Gov’t the Federal Gov’t had certain responsibilities as did the Prov’s.
-These are listed in Sections 91-92. -
Contemporary period: The Charlottetown conference
Meeting's for the Merger: The Charlottetown Conference:
Sept. 1864-Leaders of Canada East/West meet with the leaders of three Maritime Provinces (NB,NS,PEI), they left the meetings agreeing to consider a merger.
All that was discussed was weather they wanted to form one country or not. Newfoundland didn’t come because they didn’t care. The provinces votes yes together , to take the next step in the merger. -
Contemporary period: The London conference (continuation)
1867-Leaders of the 4 colonies meet to be released from the British Empire and to become a new “self-governing” colony ( a independent colony). THE DOMINION OF CANADA! With its capital of Ottawa was created under the British North America Act. 1867. Had 4 Prov. (ONT, QC, NB, NS) London voted yes for the countries to merge. In 1867, we were called “The Dominion of Canada.” The British North America Act is what makes us an official country. -
Contemporary Period: Roman catholic church
The roman catholic church continued to control education, orphanages, hospitals etc. It also still had a influence on the government, unions and the caisses populaire. The church still pushed for families with a lot of kids, the rural life and christian values -
Contemporary period: Maurice Duplessis
Maurice Duplessis created a lot of change. He’s important in the 50s. He was very old fashioned. He was a huge supporter of the church. He was good with the church being in charge of the education and values. His biggest influence was the church. He also heavely supported the rural life, the farmers. He liked them because most of them were religious. -
Contemporary period: Maurice Duplessis (continuation)
He encouraged farming and going to church.He made agriculture Quebec’s number one economy. He brought electricity and paved roads to the countryside. Other countries were advancing and modernizing, while Quebec was staying in the church life and the rural life, because of the pressure of Duplessis.He was okay with the Americans investing in Canada. He thought they’ll get the money from the Americans by taxing them. American interest increased under Duplessis. Maurice Duplessis was a separatist. -
Contemporary period: Union leaders
Union leaders accused Duplessis of opposing social progress and of serving American interests rather than the interests of Quebec workers. Duplessis had some conflicts with union leaders, they did not get along. There were numerous strikes in Quebec. During the Asbestos strike of 1949 even church officials such as Bishop Charbonneau supported the strikers. -
Contemporary Period: The Quiet Revolution
The Quiet Revolution in Quebec, 1960 started with the electoral defeat of the Union Nationale by Jean Lesage and his Liberal Party. Liberals won and decide to keep the Americans out. -
Contemporary period: Intellectuals and Journalists
People like Pierre Elliott Trudeau and René Lévesque disagreed with the Duplessis government and attacked the conservative nature of Quebec society in newspapers, magazine articles and television programs. They wanted Quebec to advance, and they did not like the conservative way of life. All their thought's and opinions came out in the newspapers, magazine articles, programs, etc. -
Contemporary Period: The Quiet Revolution (continuation 2)
Because of the religious influences on education in the province and modernize Quebec's educational system and put them at the same level as other provinces in Canada.More people are going university, even women.
Power is taken away from the church but their influence is still there.
Quebec is in a period of modernization: jobs are not as much rural or hard labour work. More intellectuals, university trained specialists. Union membership increased.Government is very involved in civlians lives. -
Contemporary Period: The Quiet Revolution (continuation 1)
Main Features: To make the Quebec government #1 in social and economic development, they increase the role of the state in both sectors. (Hydro-Quebec became government owned, trans-canada expanded,metro). Economic development:invest in themselves. Quebec sells the extra electricity to the States and Ontario. The TransCanada is expanded and it’s part of the Quebec initiative. The metro was a good investement. Also they take away power from the church. -
Contemporary period: Natives Issues
Summer of 1990 Mohawk warriors established road blocks on the borders to their reserves in Oka just outside Montreal. A golf course wanted to expand its 9 holes onto native land. The natives military organized themselves and the Canadian Forces were called in to handle the situation.
The Oka crisis lasted 78 days, when the stand-off finally came to an end without armed conflict,the issues remained.
The Charlottetown Accord was created to deal with these issues, but it failed -
Contemporary Period: Native issues (continuation)
Native peoples made the Indian Act,1876 (establishment of native reserves).1960s, they took it to court. Although,reserves are not Native owned, they are government owned.
James Bay and Northern Québec Agreement(1975) grants more political powers to Cree and Inuit; The Peace of the Brave(2002) gave money back to natives if they found a mineral and tore up your land, a percentage of profit would be given back.
These acts gives the Natives rights without ignoring all the things they want. -
Contemporary period: Power relations between financial circles and the state
In the 60s. The government is now hands on, and wants more control, opposite of Duplessis.
Business men are in politics and it makes it easier to have access to grants, laws and regulations in favour of companies and banks.
Quebec get's more control over businesses.
Big business fund political parties, but expects what they asked for to be done once the leader is in power.
Quebec companies recognizes the rights of employees. More laws were being made that favour the employee. -
Contemporary period: Power relations between union movements and the state:
There was nothing to protect employees in the factories.
Padlock:the right to strike.
Union demands:regarding health and safety and laws(C.S.S.T.) for the protection of kids(laws on public education, minimum working age of children).Union struggle to ensure a minimum wage , equal pay for women, pensions, welfare. Problems: employees were mad that their kids weren’t allowed to work.
1944: Adoption of the Labour Relations Act:the right to strike to all workers.
1972: Strike of united front. -
Contemporary period: Power relations between feminist movements and the state
Foundation of the National Council of Women (1893); actions of the suffragettes(females and struggles to obtain equal rights).
1961: electing the first woman to the Legislative Assembly of Quebec (Marie-Claire Kirland-Casgrain).
1964: 16, which ended the legal incapacity of married.
Women are 100% equal.
1965: Foundation of the Federation des femmes du Quebec (revised the establishment of maternity leave, abortion, equality of men and women.
1996:laws that made men and women have equal pay. -
Contemporary period: Power relations between the media and the state
19th century,there was control of newspapers by political parties.
In the early 20th century, dissemination of political views by newspapers (eg, Le Devoir); the 20th century, tons of information spread through radio and television:
politicians used media for their image and to promote their parties and to influence the public opinions.
The media is for many the 4th power. -
Contemporary period: Power relations between linguistic groups and the state: & Power relations between nationalist movements and the state
WWI and WW II - Conscription (governement forces you to go to war)
WWI ran out of soldiers, country was forced to in force conscription. Quebec didn't like the conscription, because the French didn’t think it was their country. For WWI, Canada was forced into war anyways. There was many French soldiers, but a lot of them didn’t want to go into war. In WW2, they were running out of soldiers again, so the government forced conscription again.French were opposed again. -
Contemporary period: Power relations between linguistic groups and the state: & Power relations between nationalist movements and the state: (continuation)
The difference between WWI and WWII that in WWI they soldiers were forced onto the battle field and many died. WWII soldiers didn’t reach the battle field, weren’t needed. In WW2 Canada entered themselves as an independent country, -
Contemporary period: English and quebecers
Since 1867: Dominance of English in business and politics and protection of the English minority in Quebec is in the constitution. When the British were a minority, they were the bosses so they made the rules.
Quebecers are upset that they aren’t getting paid equal amounts as the Anglophones, and don’t have the same job opportunities as English. Language of business was english. -
Contemporary period: english and quebecers (continuation 1)
Quebec nationalists form various political groups promoting sovereignty or independence for Quebec.Also, terrorist organizations, such as the F.L.Q. begin to plant bombs, targetting military establishments in the Montreal area.The main goal of this organzation was for Quebec to be independent using violence. 1967 General de Gaulle of France comes to Montreal to celebrate 100 birthday of Canada (Expo 67 world fair), he “Vive le Quebec libre”- which show he support the separation on Quebec. -
Contemporary period: english and quebecers (continuation 2)
1966 Rene Levesque quit the Liberal party to make a the first new political parti for the independence of Quebec, Parti Quebecois (PQ)1968. -
Contemporary period: English and quebecers (continuation 3)
1970- The “October Crisis” , FLQ kidnapped 2 males.The Prime Minister Trudeau used the war measures act which gives the Canadian army full control. Hundreds of FLQ members were arrested. FLQ is an extremist group, a terrorist group, with random attacks.With the war measures act, all the provincial rules can be changed temporarily, they can arrest you without evidence. Trudeau uses the army to arrest anyone they feel may be guilty. -
Contemporary period: Quebec Nationalism
The October Crisis had been put down but not all the moves towards French independence were violent. .
1961-Office de la langue francaise was created. Province of Quebec is officially french.New Brunswick is the only bilingual province. All government documents don’t have to be bilingual. They’re trying to assimilate the English. -
Contemporary period: Why seperate?
Some wanted to separate because of the cultural differences between the English and French living in Quebec. Some french separatists who see themselves as Quebecois not Canadian. -
Contemporary period: Quebec Nationalism (continuation)
The language issue was very big in Quebec politics and laws were passed to solve the issue.
Bill 22 (makes French Official language of Quebec),
Bill 101.01 –
French signs only allowed in public spaces, only children with English speaking parents educated in Quebec could go to English schools.
English fought back with Bill 178 and Bill 86.
The issue is still a problem today in Quebec.
Partis involved are:
Federalists - Quebec to be part of Canada
Separatists -Quebec to be independent -
Contemporary period:Have they tried?
Leader of the PQ Rene Levesque held a referendum in 1980, 60% voted against separating. Everyone 18 or older was allowed to vote.The referendum was, if they wanted Quebec to separate from Canada or not?
Laws were made so that he only needed 50% plus 1 vote to get QC to separate. The first referendum didn't get Quebec to separate. -
Contemporary period: Have they tried? (continuation 1)
To unify the country Pierre Elliot Trudeau met with the provincial leaders to discuss a method of patriating the constitution, with full independence from Great Britain, all the provinces agreed except Quebec but they did it anyways. Pierre Elliott Trudeau tries to get the country together.1982, all the premiers sign the constitution, except for Quebec.We still needed Britain's permission to change the constitution. Need to sign a document that gives canada 100% of independence from Britain. -
Contemporary period: Have they tried? (continuation 2)
In 1984 under Prime Minister Brian Mulrone, the federal government tried to organize a package that would satisfy Quebec.
The Meech Lake Accord (new constitution) was written with reforms but it was denied by two provinces Nfld and Mani. -
Contemporary period: Have they tried? (continuation 3)
Later the Charlottetown Agreement sought to do the same (including recognize aboriginal and Quebec rights) it was voted against by the people. (1992) Last attempt to try and have a common constitution for the whole country.
The big part of the charlottetown agreement was native...
Big part is Native and Quebec rights. Quebec says no because their rights don't get recognized, and BC says no because they feel as though Quebec gets too many rights. -
Contemporary period: Have they tried?(continuation 4)
Another referendum was held in 1995 led by Jacques Parizeau. With results 50.6% against, 49.4% for. Second referendum was to vote on quebec's independence. Parizeau had another referendum, this time, his question wasn’t to separate, it was if they wanted the opportunity to separate.
