-
Officially touched down in the Iberian peninsula in 412
Were pushed out of their land by the Huns due to a population domino effect. -
-According to Islamic doctrine, he was a prophet divinely inspired to preach and confirm the monotheistic teachings of Adam, Abraham, Moses, Jesus, and other prophets.
-Is known for founding Islam -
4 “Rightly Guided Caliphs”:
-Abu Bakr (632-634 CE)
-Umar (634-644 CE)
-Uthman (644- 656 CE)
-Ali (656-661 CE)
Were all successors to the Prophet Muhammad because Muslims believed that the caliphs were fit to be leaders. -
Developed from the same clan as Mohammed
Relocated from Mecca to Medina to establish greater powers
Following the assassination of Ali, Mu’awiya assumed power and centralized/unified the Islamic world under the Umayyad Caliphate
Move capital to Damascus -
Roderic led the Visigoths from 710-711
Kingdom developed two notable weaknesses: The tradition of royal challenge, and religious alienation Muslim army came in and Defeated the Visigoths, killing King Roderic in the process. -
Led the Muslim conquest and defeated the Visigoths.
His army of 7,000 defeated the Visigothic army of 100,000
Established Islam as the religion of the Iberian peninsula -
-Began in about 800 CE with the discovery of a hermit, Pelayo, of a shrine on the NW coast of Iberia in the region of Galicia
-Bone believed to be Santiago, or St. James apostle of Jesus Christ
-The story of the journey varies -
Born out of a rumor that Santiago appeared out of a cloud to the Christian soldiers in the battle.
No historical data that this battle happened.
Is now used for motivation and aspiration -
Re-established one unified Muslim state in Spain
Presided over the expansion of his capital at Cordoba as well as the founding of the impressive caliphal palace at Madinat al-Zahra.
Was very influential in the idea of tolerance for other religions. -
Inherited León from his father, Ferdinand I, and warred with his envious brother Sancho II.
Inherited Castile from Sancho after his death in 1072.
Took Toledo from the Muslims, but his demands for tribute led to the invasion of Spain by the North African Almoravids, and he was defeated at Zallaqah (1086). -
Real name: Rodrigo Diaz
Was exiled for looting Toledo without Alfonso's consent.
Became a mercenary commander and served the Muslim rulers of Zaragoza, fighting against Muslim and Christian armies. -
-Pope Lucius III opened the Episcopal Inquisition in 1184 to combat the heretical Cathars and Waldensians.
-In 1208, the pope ordered a crusade against the Cathars, and between 10-15,000 were massacred in the town of Beziers.
-In 1231, Pope Gregory IX ordered Dominicans in the German city of Regensburg to “seek out diligently those who are heretics or are inflamed of heresy”.
Free Speech History -
-Truce between the Weakened Muslim ruler, Ibn Ali, and Castilian King, Fernando III
-Agreed on peace between the two kingdoms -
Written by Spanish theologian Nicholas Eymeric (c. 1320-1399)
Intended to be a guide for inquisitors, the Directorium Inquisitorum elaborates on hundreds of heresies and prosecution procedures, categories of offenses like witchcraft, as well as the belief system of the Inquisition.
Blogs -
-Wave of massacres swept the Jewish communities in Spain
-Marked the beginning of the end of the Golden Age of Spanish Jewry
Chabad -
Implored Pope Sixtus IV to grant them the power to appoint inquisitors to deal with the problem of conversos who practiced Jewish rites in secret.
Inquisition Library -
Six Converso (Marrano) men and six women were burned alive for allegedly practicing Judaism.
Jewish History -
Ended Granada war (1482-1491) Guaranteed a set of rights to the Moors, Muslim inhabitants, including religious tolerance and fair treatment in return for their surrender and capitulation. Granted native Jews in the surrendered territories the choice of either converting to Christianity or migrating to North Africa within three years
Google Docs -
Ordered the expulsion of practicing Jews by July 31, 1492
Needed to limit the influence of practicing Jews on conversos - Newly converted Christians
Google Slides -
Written by Martin Luther
Is considered the central document of the Protestant Reformation.
Intended to use the 95 theses as the basis for an academic dispute, his indictment of church practices rapidly spread.
Loc