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Period: 1509 to 1547
Henry VII reign
During his reign he had six wives, to divorce the first one he had to go against the pope and passed the act of restrain of appeals to annul marriages in 1533 -
1517
Martin Luther wrote the Ninety-five theses
In this book he called out the church which has been selling indulgence for people who want to buy their way to heaven. Thanks to printing, this text spread through Europe and the people who shared the same opinion as Luther were called protestants. -
1526
The New Testament
The New Testament was written but also translated. -
1534
Act of supremacy
Henry VIII wax made head of the Church of England -
Period: 1536 to 1541
monasteries were disbanded
it causes rebellions in Yorkshire and Lincolnshire called « Pilgrimage of grace » -
Period: 1547 to 1553
Edward VI reigns
he revisited the book of mass which led to the publication of the book of common prayers in 1549 -
Period: 1553 to 1558
Mary I reigns
She restored Catholicism in 18 months and married Philip II of Spain and allied with Spain for the war against France which caused her her popularity. Protestants were persecuted and burned. -
Period: 1558 to
Elizabeth I reigns
during her reign she found a middle way between catholicism and protestantism that she called the Anglican Church which she was the head of; she also made the book of common prayers mandatory. -
1570
The Pope excommunicate the Queen Elizabeth I
he excommunicate her which means she isn't recognized as a part of the religious community and the right for catholic people to plot against her and stop recognizing her as their legitimate queen. from this moment the catholic people in England were persecuted. -
Execution of Mary Queen of Scots
She was imprisoned during 19 years before being executed because she was threat to Elizabeth for 3 reasons:
-She was Elizabeth legitimate heir
- close to France and Spain
-since she was catholic, she represented the hope for the English kingdom to go back to roman Catholicism. -
The defeat of the Spanish Armada
Phillip II the king of Spain supported several plots against Elizabeth and Elizabeth supported the Dutch revolt against Spain so Spain tried to invade England but it was a complete defeat for Spain in particular because England had a new fleet and strategy. -
Period: to
James I of England reigns
he was the son of Mary Queen of Scots and was also king of Scotland. During his reign he continued the religious decisions made by Elizabeth. Catholics were still repressed.
During his reigns he also tried to unify England and Scotland but parliament refused. -
the gunpowder plot
a small group of catholics who planned to blow up the parliament and kill James I -
Period: to
the thirty years war
the war started because James I wanted to help his daughter and son in law ( the Elector Palatine) who took the throne of Emperor Ferdinand Habsburg which lead to a war between the two. -
Period: to
King Charles I reigns
During his reign, the king had problems with the parliament and dissolved it multiples time because of the war and the finances. -
Period: to
the personal rule
those are the years were King Charles ruled without parliament also called "the eleven years tyranny" -
Period: to
the Scottish crisis
In 1637 the new prayer book being introduced set Scotland aflame and led to riots which then led to a widespread rebellion called the Bishops's war -
the Irish rebellion
James I (Charles's father) implemented a plantation policy sending Scottish and English protestants to Ireland which led to Irish catholics to rebel killing 3000/4000 protestants -
The Grand Remonstrance
it is a document voted by parliament which summarized the wrongdoings of Charles I and demanded:
-the right of the House of Commons to choose the king's ministers
-the right of parliament to control any army sent to Ireland
-the right of parliament to reform the church
This led to the parliament being divided between the parliamentarians who agreed with the reform and the royalists who thought it was too extreme and wanted a negotiation with the king. -
Period: to
the first civil war
the first civil war was between the royalist and the parliamentarians. it costed the lives of 190 000 Englishmen.
In June 1645 the battle of Naseby weakened the royalists who surrendered in may 1646 -
the second civil war
the king escaped from the army and allied himself with Scots to invade England. the royalists were easily defeated and the king was put on trial for high treason and executed on January 30th 1649 -
Period: to
The commonwealth
monarchy was abolished and the commonwealth ruled as a republic was declared. unfortunately the commonwealth didn't work because of royalists revolution in England, Scotland and Ireland and the parliament who increased repression. -
Period: to
The Cromwellian Protectorate
it was a military dictatorship like a monarchy without a king.
during this time Cromwell won the war against catholic Spain but he died in 1658 and his son took his place but resigned after 6 months which lead to a period of anarchy -
Period: to
the Restoration
the monarchy was restored with Charles II as the king until 1685 when his brother James II succeeded -
The Glorious Revolution
In 1688 William of Orange, the king's son in law invaded England and seized the crown becoming King William III.Then they created a constitutional monarchy. -
the bill of rights
it limited the monarch's power for the first time and gave more power to the parliament and set out basic civil rights. -
The act of settlement
was made to ensure a protestant succession ignoring dozens of catholic heirs -
Act of union between England and Scotland
Creation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain under Queen Anne, Scotland lost their parliament but gained 45 seats in the house of Common and 16 seats in the House of Lords