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Martin Luther's criticism of the Indulgences, against the Pope and the Church. -
"The New Testament" (Martin Luther's German translation of the Bible) translated in English by William Tyndale. -
Act that gave the King the legal power to annul marriages.
Henry VIII also married with Anne Boleyn after he cancelled his marriage to Catherine of Aragon. -
The king was made “Supreme Head of the Church of England”. That is when the schism happened: the King's divorce had led England to break from the Roman Catholic Church. -
The Roman Catholic church attempted to correct
some of the abuses of the church and harshly condemned protestant heresies. -
Protestant measures under Edward VI's reign, eradicating Roman Catholic practices. The book was imposed in churches which led to rebellions. -
Papal bull issued by Pope Pius V: Elizabeth I is excommunicated.
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"Act to Retain the Queen's Majesty's Subjects in their due Obedience" => (deadly) measures against Catholiscism, resulting in 163 persons killed during repression in 26 years.
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Francis Walsingham discovers the strategies of Catholics planning to kill Elizabeth to replace her with Mary Stuart = thus leading to Mary's execution one year later -
A complete defeat, England was victorious against Spain. -
A conspiracy devised by a small group of Catholics to blow up Parliament and kill James I. -
A plan submitted to James I and Parliament in 1610, which was an attempt to increase Crown income and ultimately rid it of debt.
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A new English translation of the Bible. -
England at war with Spain and France, that Parliament agreed to finance before James I's death in 1625.
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An act of open defiance against Charles I's abuse of power and lack of cooperation with the parliament. It leads to the imprisonment of the members of the parliament and its dissolution by the King.
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11 years when Charles I ruled without calling a parliament.
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A version of the English Book of Common Prayer revised for use by the Church of Scotland. -
The end of the Personal Rule and the outbreak of the Civil war were caused by crises not just in England but in Scotland and Ireland.
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After the Short Parliament (the first in 11 years after the Personal Rule), Charles I had to call it again in order to pay the costs of the Scots' army after their invasion of England. The members passed two acts ensuring that the Parliament should meet at least every 3 years, and that its dissolution required its consent.
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An important document voted by Parliament, which summarized all the wrongdoing of Charles I and concluded on “revolutionary” demands: the right of the House of commons to choose the King’s ministers ; the right for Parliament to control any army sent to Ireland ; and the right for Parliament to reform the Church. -
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After King Charles I's execution, the House of Lords and Monarchy were abolished, and the House of Commons had supreme authority. Thus, the England was declared a Commonwealth (a republic).
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England’s first and only written constitution. -
After several parliaments dissolved by Oliver Cromwell who became the next ruler (Lord Genenal and Protector). -
Parliament attempted to exclue James II from the succession to the English throne, which led to its dissolution by Charles II.
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Parliament invited William of Orange to invade England. He became King and James II fled to France.
The Glorious Revolution was a key event leading to Britain’s transformation from an Absolute Monarchy to a
Constitutional Monarchy. -
It put an end to the 16th and 17th quarrel between King and Parliament: a new balance of powers in favour of Parliament.
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Created the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
Merged the Parliament of Ireland into the
Parliament of the UK.