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Isabella and Ferdinand were the Catholic monarchs of Spain respectively. They are known for their role in the Spanish Inquisition and for sponsoring the voyages of Christopher Columbus.
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Henry VIII was the King of England. He is known for his six marriages and his role in the English Reformation.
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A period of English history known for its cultural and literary achievements, including the works of William Shakespeare.
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A decree issued by King Henry IV of France granting religious freedom to French Protestants. -
A novel by Spanish author Miguel de Cervantes that satirizes romantic chivalry and the hero's quest.
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The Thirty Years' War was a conflict that involved most of the major European powers and was fought primarily in Central Europe. It was one of the most destructive conflicts in European history, with an estimated 8 million fatalities.
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The Petition of Right was a document signed by King Charles I of England that limited the power of the monarchy and guaranteed certain civil liberties to the people. -
The Long Parliament was a parliament that convened during the reign of Charles I in England and lasted for almost 20 years. It was marked by conflicts between the king and parliament that eventually led to the English Civil War.
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Louis XIV was the King of France. He is known for his absolutist rule and his role in the expansion of French territory.
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The Peace of Westphalia ended the Thirty Years' War in Europe and marked the beginning of the modern state system by recognizing the sovereignty of individual nations.
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"Leviathan" is a seminal work of political philosophy by Thomas Hobbes. In it, he argues for the necessity of a strong, centralized government to maintain order and prevent chaos. -
The restoration of the monarchy in England after the Puritan Commonwealth period.
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Peter the Great was one of the most important and influential Russian monarchs. He modernized and Westernized Russia, transforming it into a great power.
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The Glorious Revolution was a bloodless coup in England in which King James II was overthrown and replaced by his Protestant daughter Mary and her Dutch husband William of Orange.
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A document that established the supremacy of Parliament and further limited the powers of the monarch in England. -
Two Treatises Government is a political treatise written by John Locke. The book argues that political power should be derived from the consent of the governed. -
Johann Sebastian Bach was a German composer and musician who is widely considered one of the greatest composers of all time. He reached the height of his career during the years 1708-1723.
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A novel about a castaway who spends 28 years on a tropical island. -
Gulliver’s Travels is a novel written by Jonathan Swift. The book is a satire of English society and politics, as well as a parody of travel literature.
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Frederick II, also known as Frederick the Great, was the King of Prussia from 1740 to 1786. He was known for his military conquests and for being an enlightened monarch.
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A book that discusses the separation of powers and the importance of checks and balances in government. -
A compilation of knowledge and ideas that challenged traditional authority and contributed to the spread of Enlightenment ideals.
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The Seven Years' War was a global conflict between major European powers, fought primarily in Europe but also involving colonial conflicts in North America, India, and the Caribbean.
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George III was the King of England. He is known for his long reign, as well as his role in the American Revolution.
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The Social Contract is a political treatise written by Jean-Jacques Rousseau. The book discusses the nature of government and the rights of citizens. -
One of the longest-ruling female leaders in Russian history who oversaw the significant territorial expansion and cultural reforms.
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A confrontation between British soldiers and American colonists that resulted in the death of five colonists. -
A political protest against British taxation policies in which American colonists destroyed a shipment of tea by throwing it into the sea. -
The Intolerable Acts were a series of punitive measures passed by the British Parliament in response to the Boston Tea Party. The acts were intended to punish the colonists and reinforce British control over the colonies. -
The first military engagements of the American Revolutionary War.
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A book that laid the foundations of classical free-market economic theory.
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A document adopted by the Continental Congress declaring independence from Great Britain.
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Joseph II was the Holy Roman Emperor. He is known for his reforms of the Austrian Empire, which included the abolition of serfdom and the introduction of religious tolerance.
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The final battle of the American Revolutionary War. -
The Treaty of Paris ended the American Revolutionary War and recognized the independence of the United States of America.
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The United States Constitution is the supreme law of the United States and established the framework for the federal government. It was ratified in 1788. -
A fundamental document of the French Revolution that defined individual and collective rights.
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The Storming of the Bastille was a symbolic event of the French Revolution, in which Parisians stormed and destroyed the Bastille, a medieval fortress that had been used as a political prison. -
The Tennis Court Oath was a pivotal event of the French Revolution, in which members of the National Assembly pledged to continue meeting until they had drafted a new constitution for France. -
A document written by French feminist Olympe de Gouges that argued for the equal rights of women.
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A Vindication of the Rights of Woman a book written by Mary Wollstonecraft. The book argues for the education and equality of women. -
The National Convention was a French political body that replaced the Legislative Assembly and became the governing body of France during the most radical phase of the French Revolution.
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The Radical Phase of the French Revolution was a period of extreme political and social upheaval, marked by the Reign of Terror, the execution of thousands of people, and the rise of Napoleon Bonaparte.
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A political body in France during the radical phase of the French Revolution responsible for implementing policies of the Reign of Terror.
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The Reign of Terror was a period of intense violence and political repression during the French Revolution. Thousands of people were executed by the guillotine, including King Louis XVI and his wife, Marie Antoinette.
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A group of five men who held executive power in France during the latter stages of the French Revolution.
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Napoleon Bonaparte was a French general who rose to power during the French Revolution. He declared himself Emperor of France and established the First French Empire. -
A naval engagement between the British Royal Navy and the combined fleets of the French and Spanish navies during the Napoleonic Wars. -
A significant victory for Napoleon Bonaparte's Grande Armée during the Napoleonic Wars. -
Also known as the "Battle of Nations", a significant victory for the Coalition forces against Napoleon during the Napoleonic Wars. -
A conference of European powers held after the defeat of Napoleon to re-establish a balance of power and redraw the map of Europe.
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After a series of military defeats, Napoleon was exiled to the island of Elba. He escaped from the island the following year and returned to France, but was ultimately defeated at the Battle of Waterloo and exiled again, this time
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After being defeated at the Battle of Waterloo, Napoleon was exiled to the remote island of St. Helena in the South Atlantic.