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Isabella's marriage to Ferdinand in 1469 created the basis of the de facto unification of Spain. -
He presided over the beginnings of the English Renaissance and the English Reformation
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Charles I of Spain, born on February 24, 1500, was king of Spain from 1516 to 1556 and Holy Roman emperor, as Charles V, from 1519 to 1558.
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Was Holy Roman Emperor and Archduke of Austria from 1519 to 1556.
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The Habsburg dynasty was divided into a Spanish and an Austrian line. -
English act of Parliament that recognized Henry VIII as the “Supreme Head of Church of England” -
Domḗnikos Theotokópoulos, most widely known as El Greco, was a Greek painter, sculptor and architect of the Spanish Renaissance.
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He served as king of the Spaniards from 1556 to 1598 and as king of the Portuguese (as Philip I) from 1580 to 1598. The Spanish empire under Philip prospered: it attained its greatest power, extent, and influence.
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often called the Elizabethan Age, when England asserted itself vigorously as a major European power in politics
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was the revolt in the Low Countries against the rule of the Habsburg King Philip II of Spain, hereditary ruler of the provinces. -
A naval engagement that took place when the Holy League, a coalition of Catholic states arranged by Pope Pius V, inflicted a major defeat on the fleet of the Ottoman Empire. -
was a targeted group of assassinations and a wave of Catholic mob violence, directed against the Huguenots during the French Wars of Religion. -
English guns damaged the Armada, and a Spanish ship was captured by Sir Francis Drake in the English Channel. The Armada anchored off Calais.
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Henry IV granted religious freedom to Protestants by issuing the Edict of Nantes during his reign as king of France.
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granted a large measure of religious liberty to Protestant subjects, the Huguenots
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Who styled himself “king of Great Britain.” James was a strong advocate of royal absolutism.
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The most comically iconic scene in the novel.
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An incident of Bohemian resistance to Habsburg authority that preceded the beginning of the Thirty Years' War. -
Was a conflict fought largely within the Holy Roman Empire from 1618 to 1648.
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An English constitutional document setting out specific individual protections against the state, reportedly of equal value to Magna Carta and the Bill of Rights 1689.
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Is a former royal residence located in Versailles, about 12 miles west of Paris, France.
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Was an English Parliament which lasted from 1640 until 1660. -
a series of civil wars and political machinations between Parliamentarians and Royalists
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Born in 1638, Louis XIV succeeded his father, Louis XIII, as king at the age of five. He ruled for 72 years, until his death in 1715, making his reign the longest of any European monarch.
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European settlements of 1648, which brought to an end the Eighty Years' War between Spain and the Dutch and the German phase of the Thirty Years' War
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Charles I was King of England, Scotland, and Ireland from 27 March 1625 until his execution in 1649.
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Is a book written by Thomas Hobbes (1588–1679) and published in 1651 (revised Latin edition 1668).
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Were acts of Parliament intended to promote the self-sufficiency of the British Empire by restricting colonial trade to England and decreasing dependence on foreign imported goods. -
King of Great Britain and Ireland (1660–85), who was restored to the throne after years of exile during the Puritan Commonwealth.
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William III and Mary II, who became co-rulers in England after the overthrow of King James II -
Major statement of the political philosophy of the English philosopher John Locke, published in 1689 but substantially composed some years before then.
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Were two Russian military campaigns during the Russo-Turkish War of 1686–1700,
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Peter the Great was the 14th child of Czar Alexis by his second wife, Natalya Kirillovna Naryshkina. Having ruled jointly with his brother Ivan V from 1682, when Ivan died in 1696, Peter was officially declared Sovereign of all Russia.
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Philippe, duc d'Anjou, (born December 19, 1683, Versailles, France—died July 9, 1746, Madrid, Spain), king of Spain from 1700 (except for a brief period from January to August 1724) and founder of the Bourbon dynasty in Spain.
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the state which led the unification of Germany and the creation of the German Empire in 1871
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creating Huguenot settlements all over Europe, in the United States and Africa
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Was a conflict involving many of the leading European powers that were triggered by the death in November 1700 of the childless Charles II of Spain.
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A seaport in NW Russian Federation in Europe, in the Gulf of Finland, off the Baltic Sea -
A series of treaties between France and other European powers -
The first edition credited the work's protagonist Robinson Crusoe as its author, leading many readers to believe he was a real person and the book a travelogue of true incidents
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Was a British statesman and Whig politician who is generally regarded as the de facto first Prime Minister of Great Britain.
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a satire on the society of the day and a warning about human folly.
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Leading his nation through multiple wars with Austria and its allies. His daring military tactics expanded and consolidated Prussian lands
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Maria Theresa was an Austrian archduchess and Holy Roman Empress of the Habsburg Dynasty from 1740 to 1780.
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Was the last great power conflict with the Bourbon-Habsburg dynastic conflict at its heart.
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an English-language oratorio composed in 1741 by George Frideric Handel, with a scriptural text compiled by Charles Jennens from the King James Bible
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He discussed different governments throughout history in this text
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A twenty-eight volume reference book.
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was a far-reaching conflict between European powers that lasted from 1756 to 1763.
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It is a savage denunciation of metaphysical optimism—as espoused by the German philosopher Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz—that reveals a world of horrors and folly.
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He was the third Hanoverian monarch and the first one to be born in England and to use English as his first language.
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A six-year-old prodigy became an instant European prodigy and gained
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Catherine II, also known as Catherine the Great, was an empress of Russia who ruled from 1762-1796, the longest reign of any female Russian leader.
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A law passed by the British Parliament requiring all publications and legal and commercial documents in the American colonies to bear a tax stamp (1765)
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Joseph II was Holy Roman Emperor from 1765 to 1790 and ruler of the Habsburg lands from 1780 to 1790. He was the eldest son of Maria Theresa and her husband, Francis I and thus the first ruler in the Austrian dominions of the House of Lorraine, styled Habsburg-Lorraine.
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A confrontation in Boston on March 5, 1770, in which a group of nine British soldiers killed three people of a crowd of three or four hundred who were abusing them verbally and throwing various missiles. -
Also known as the Battle of Lexington and Concord were the start of the American Revolutionary War -
three partitions of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth that took place toward the end of the 18th century and ended the existence of the state, resulting in the elimination of sovereign Poland and Lithuania for 123 years.
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An American political and mercantile protest by the Sons of Liberty in Boston, Massachusetts
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Met at Carpenters' Hall in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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In the American colonies, were a series of four laws passed by the British Parliament to punish the colony of Massachusetts Bay for the Boston Tea Party. -
Also known as the Battle of Lexington and Concord were the first military engagements in the American Revolutionary War.
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The Wealth of Nations argued that the free market and the natural forces of supply and demand should be allowed to operate and regulate business.
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The greatest break-up letter in world history. -
The Battles of Saratoga marked the climax of the Saratoga campaign, giving a decisive victory to the Americans over the British in the American Revolutionary War.
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An agreement among the original states of the USA.
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Joint Franco-American land and sea campaign that entrapped a major British army on a peninsula at Yorktown, Virginia, and forced its surrender.
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Ended the American Revolution and formally recognized the United States as an independent nation.
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the Constitution became the official framework of the government of the United States of America when New Hampshire became the ninth of 13 states to ratify it.
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Was a pledge signed by 576 of the 577 members from the Third Estate who were locked out of a meeting of the Estates-General on 20 June 1789.
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Was an event that occurred in Paris, France, on the afternoon of 14 July 1789, when revolutionaries stormed and seized control of the medieval armory, fortress, and political prison known as the Bastille. At the time, the Bastille represented royal authority in the center of Paris.
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a general panic that took place between 22 July to 6 August 1789, at the start of the French Revolution
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The October Days or simply The March on Versailles, was one of the earliest and most significant events of the French Revolution.
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LIBERTY, EQUALITY, FRATERNITY: EXPLORING THE FRENCH REVOLUTION.
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Holy Roman Emperor Leopold II and King Frederick William II of Prussia, urging European powers to unite to restore the monarchy in France
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was written in 1791 and published in 1792, with a second edition appearing that same year. It was sold as volume 1 of the work, but Wollstonecraft never wrote any subsequent volumes.
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France was ruled by a Committee for Public Safety.
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Was a parliament of the French Revolution, following the two-year National Constituent Assembly and the one-year Legislative Assembly.
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Ultimately unwilling to cede his royal power to the Revolutionary government, Louis XVI was found guilty of treason and condemned to death. He was guillotined on January 21, 1793.
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The Committee of Public Safety was set up on April 6, 1793, during one of the crises of the Revolution, when France was beset by foreign and civil war.
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Was a period of the French Revolution when, following the creation of the First Republic, a series of massacres and numerous public executions took place -
Marie-Antoinette was guillotined in 1793 after the Revolutionary Tribunal found her guilty of crimes against the state. The royal family had been compelled to leave Versailles in 1789 and live in captivity in Paris. -
France was ruled by a five-man executive committee called the Directory and a legislature of two chambers -
Napoleon proclaimed himself First Consul for Life.
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Were a series of major global conflicts pitting the French Empire and its allies, led by Napoleon I, against a fluctuating array of European states formed into various coalitions.
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After seizing political power in France in a 1799 coup d'état, he crowned himself emperor in 1804.
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Napoleon won a crushing victory against an Austro-Russian army of superior numbers. -
The Battle of Trafalgar was a naval engagement between the British Royal Navy and the combined fleets of the French and Spanish Navies during the War of the Third Coalition of the Napoleonic Wars -
Also known as the Russian Campaign, the Second Polish War, the Second Polish Campaign, the Patriotic War of 1812, and the War of 1812, was begun by Napoleon to force Russia back into the Continental blockade of the United Kingdom
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Also known as the Battle of Nations
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an international diplomatic conference to reconstitute the European political order after the downfall of the French Emperor Napoleon I.
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Napoleon Bonaparte, emperor of France and one of the greatest military leaders in history, abdicates the throne, and, in the Treaty of Fontainebleau, is banished to the Mediterranean island of Elba. The future emperor was born in Ajaccio, Corsica, on August 15, 1769. -
The Committee of Public Safety was set up on April 6, 1793, during one of the crises of the Revolution, when France was beset by foreign and civil war.
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Napoleon's return from eleven months of exile on the island of Elba to Paris on 20 March 1815 and the second restoration of King Louis XVIII on 8 July 1815 (a period of 110 days).
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Napoleon was subsequently exiled to the island of Saint Helena off the coast of Africa. -
or, Principles of Political Right (French: Du contrat social; ou Principes du droit politique) by Jean-Jacques Rousseau, is a 1762 book in which Rousseau theorized about the best way to establish a political community in the face of the problems of -
intended to serve as a preamble to the French Constitution of 1791, which established a constitutional monarchy.