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Erasmus publishes Greek edition of the New TEstament; More writes Utopia
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Was the Grandson of King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella.
Carried the title of Holy Roman Emperor – making him the ruler of Spain and the Holy Roman Empire.
Was constantly at war with France, Protestants and Ottoman Empire.
Later became a monk. -
As the trade emerged, the trade of natural resources peaked
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supposed to maintain balance between Catholics & Lutherans, but it had no mechanism for resolving conflicts
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challenges to spain's authority, elizabeth I's defense of english protestantism, the clash of faiths and empires in Eastern Europe
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Under Elizabeth I's control
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killed 90 priests & 1500 Christians
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"Spanish Fury"
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Philip took over neighboring realm with its rich empire in Africa, India, and the Americas`
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Spain troops never regained control in N
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(The Time of Troubles ensued)
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also another foundation of French Absolutism
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As Spain expanded its empire, the trade of natural resources peaked as well.
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most European suffered from shortages (resulting famine triggered revolts from Ireland to Muscovy)
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Jews could worship openly in their synagogues
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granted Huguenots a large measure of religious toleration
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Quickly alienated Parliament
Alienated the Puritans when he defended the Anglican Church
Many of the Landed gentry had become Puritans.
Made up a large part of the House of Commons -
(a new translation of Bible) is published
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(author- Migue de Cervantes) - disappointment of thwarted imperial ambition
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The attempt by Catholics to kill King James I and most of the Protestant aristocracy
Blew up the House of Lords during the state opening of Parliament.
Later becomes known and celebrated as Guy Fawkes Day -
Philip III ordered Moriscos' expulsion from Spanish territory
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one of the foundation of French Absolutism - King
Reduced the power of the nobility.
Restricted local authorities
Created intendants: individuals given to government officials, especially administrators of state affairs. -
army of nobles, townspeople, and peasants finally expelled the intruders and put on the throne a noble man, Michael Romanov (established an enduring new dynasty)
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some 300,000 Moriscos had been forced to relocate to N. Africa
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crowned king of bohemia
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origins and course of the war, effects of constant fighting, the peace of westphalia (1648)
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African slaves were first transported to the new colony of Virginia
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Grotius,
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Believed in elaborate ceremonies and rituals.
Uniformity of church was imposed by a church court.
Anglican Book of Common Prayer
For both England and Scotland
Believed to be pro-Catholic by the Puritans -
In return form money to fund his wars, Charles I agreed to:
No Imprisonment without due cause
No taxation without Parliament’s consent
No putting soldiers in private homes
No martial law during peacetime
He signed and then ignored by dissolving Parliament. -
5% France population died (successive bad harvests, diseases - poor)
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Parliament into session in 1640
MPs demand more protection of property
Charles I dismissed Parliament after 3 weeks -
Triennial Act: Stated that Parliament must be called into session at least once every 3 years
Charles I attempts to arrest 5 MPS and fails -
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Louis XIII followed him a few moths later and was succeed by his 5 yrs old son (Louis XIV)
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Civil War between King Charles I and Parliament in England
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Royalist
Belonged to the House of Lords
From North and West England
Mostly Aristocracy and landowners
Church officials
Mostly rural
Parliamentarians
Known as Roundheads
Mostly from the House of Commons
South and East England
Puritans, Merchants, townspeople and more urban -
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model for resolving future conflicts among warring European states, Sweden took several northern territories from the Holy Roman Empire
The Fronde revolt challenges royal authority in France, Ukrainian Cossack warrior rebel against the king of Poland-Lithuania, Spain formally recognizes independence of the Dutch Republic -
Part of the French Absolutism
Creation of a National Army
Makes Versailles the center of Government
Elaborate court rules and life
Promotes the image of “The Sun King.” – God’s representative on earth -
Cromwell purges the House of Commons of moderates
The result of the Purge was the “Rump” Parliament
THE BEHEADING OF CHARLES I
The vote by the Rump Parliament was a vote of 68 - 67 -
new Russian legal code assigns all to hereditary class
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Cromwell ruled the Rump Parliament
Constitutional Republic
Created a constitution – Instrument of Government
Created a Council of State that was annually elected from the committee of Parliament
NO Monarch
Most of Europe does not recognize the new government -
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Cromwell dissolved the “Rump” Parliament in 1653
Declares martial law
Establishes a Military dictator
Religious tolerance for all except for Catholics
Crushes a rebellion in Scotland
Crushes a rebellion among the Catholics of Ireland – killed 40% of all ethnic Irish. -
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Filled with Royalists
Disbanded the Puritan army and pardoned most Puritan rebels
Restored the authority of the Church of England -
All clergy & church officials had to conform to the Anglican Book of Common Prayers
Forbade “non-conformists” to worship publicly, teach their faith, or attend English universities. -
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Louis XIV begins first of many wars that continue throughout his reign
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Parliament excluded all but Anglicans from civilian and military positions.
Puritans were considered “radicals” and Catholics were seen as “traitors” -
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Madame de Lafyette anonymously publishes her novel The Princess of Cleves
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Any unjustly imprisoned persons could obtain a writ of habeas corpus compelling the government to explain why he had lost his liberty.
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Louis XIV revokes toleration for French Protestants granted by the Edict of Nantes
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A bigoted convert to Catholicism without any of Charles II’s ability to compromise
Alienated the Tories
Provoked the revolution that Charles II had avoided
Surrounded himeself with Catholics
Claimed the power to suspend or dispense with Acts of Parliament
Declaration of Liberty of Consccience
Extended religious toleration without Parliament’s approval -
Parliament deposes James II and invites his daughter, Mary, and her husband, William of Orange, to take the throne
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Settled major issues between the King and Parliament
Served as a model for the U.S. Bill of Rights
Formed a base for the steady expansion of civil liberties in the 18th and early 19th C in England -
John Locke publishes Two treatises of Government and Essay Concerning Human Understanding