-
Leviathan was published by enlightenment thinker Thomas Hobbes. This book was about his political views and he felt a country should be governed. He stated that Humans were naturally evil, and the only way to control the peasants was by an absolute monarchy. In "Leviathan" he also talked about the social contract and how citizens should give up all their rights to be ruled by an absolute monarchy.
To learn more click this link https://www.bl.uk/collection-items/hobbess-leviathan -
In this timeline, it will be covering the major events that took place during the French, Haitian, and the Latin American revolutions.
-
King Louis the 14th died after 72 years as king. He first started feeling ill when he returned from a hunting trip in August. His doctor soon diagnosed him with sciatica. He continued to carry out his duties as King for days until his condition worsened and he was confined to his bed. Over the next few days, he gave advice for future leaders of France and said goodbye to loved ones before he died.
To learn more click here https://www.biography.com/news/louis-xiv-biography-facts -
After the passing of his grandfather Louis XV, 20 year old Louis XVI took the thrown. He was young and immature at the time and he didn't know how to lead. His inability to lead would cloud his future as many of the things he did came back to hurt him. One example of a mistake he made was not raising taxes when taking out loans. This put France in more and more debt which upset the citizens.
To learn more click this link https://www.britannica.com/biography/Louis-XVI -
The political and financial situation in France was falling apart, leading King Louis XVI to summon the Estates-General. The group gathered in Versailles and this was the first time the Estates gathered since 1614. The minister of finances came out and said that the people were going to get taxed 56 million dollars. This enraged the people and led to the start of the French Revolution.
To learn more click this link:https://www.britannica.com/event/French-Revolution/Events-of-1789 -
The French Revolution was a series of events that led to France to overthrown their corrupt monarchy.
-
The Tennis Court Oath happened when members of the third Estate were kicked out of the meeting hall. The third Estate members then broke into an abandoned tennis court and began to plan a new constitution for France. They pledged to stay there until the constitution was written. This was a very important event because it was how the French constitution was created.
To read more click this link https://www.britannica.com/event/Tennis-Court-Oath -
On July 14th, 1789, a mob of peasants raided the prion called the Bastille. The Bastille was a medieval fortress that was formerly a prison but also stored weapons and firearms. The peasants raided this base and collected all of the weapons that were inside. The peasants later used these weapons they gathered throughout the revolution and helped them get an advantage against the French soldiers.
To learn more click this link https://www.britannica.com/topic/Bastille -
The Great Fear happened after the third Estate captured Bastille. The third Estate used the resources they had gotten to attack and kill those in the second Estate. These killings and murders on the second Estate happened for the duration of summer. This caused the Nobles to be extremely insecure and then was dubbed "The Great Fear".
To learn more about the Great Fear click this link https://www.britannica.com/event/Great-Fear -
This was a document that contained the beliefs and rights that the French people believed in. It contains 17 different articles, and was written by the French National Assembly. This document was similar to the Magna Carta and the Declaration for Independence because both were written by citizens trying to escape a corrupt government.
For more about this topic click this link https://www.britannica.com/topic/Declaration-of-the-Rights-of-Man-and-of-the-Citizen -
At the time, St. Domingue was a sugar producer, using slaves to get all the work done. Toussaint L'Ouverture led the slaves in a rebellion against the French Soldiers. The slaves defeated both the French Army and the local Militia to gain control over the island. This up rise sparked the start of the Haitian revolution.
Click here to learn more https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zpsc9j6/revision/2 -
The Haitian Revolution was a movement led by Toussaint L'ouverture and was the process of Haiti breaking free from French rule.
-
After trying to disguise and sneak out of Paris, King Louis was captured and thrown into prison. While in prison, He was convicted of being a traitor to the revolution and would be punished by death. Later, King Louis was walked out into the Place De La Revolution and was executed by a guillotine. After he was executed, his wife Marie Antoinette was also executed.
To learn more about this click the link https://www.britannica.com/biography/Louis-XVI -
The Reign of Terror was a period during the French Revolution where many public executions and massacres took place. Some famous public executions that took place during this time period include the execution of Robespierre and Marie Antoinette. The Reign of Terror was started once the Monarchy was overthrown and many people felt that all high ranking government officials should be executed.
To learn more click this link https://www.britannica.com/event/Reign-of-Terror -
Robespierre was one of the most influential leaders in the French revolution. He was also the head of the committee for public safety in 1793. Although on July 28th, 1794 he and 21 others were executed. He was executed because the committee for public safety was a big part in the government and when they were over thrown, he was put in prison.
To learn more click this link https://www.britannica.com/biography/Maximilien-Robespierre -
The Directory was made the government of France a few months after the execution of King Louis XVI. The directory was split into two houses, each having their own separate requirements. The first house was called "Council of 500" and was composed of 500 individuals over the age of 30. The other house called "Council of Ancients" was made up of 250 more experienced delegates and had to over the age of 40.
To learn more click here https://www.britannica.com/topic/Directory-French-history -
The War of Knives was a conflict between the Toussaint Louverture led rebels vs the Andre Rigaud led troops. The conflict started when Toussaint invaded Andre's territory. This invasion led to many gruesome battles such as the fight for Jacmel and resulted in many deaths. After the war was over, Toussaint and the former slaves were able to force Andre and his troops to retreat.
To learn more click this link https://thelouvertureproject.org/index.php?title=War_of_Knives -
This event thrusted Napoleon into power and is effectively seen as the end of the French Revolution. This was the order that also abolished the Monarchy in France and had a general take leadership over the country. This event was very important as it marked the start of a new era in French history as well as the start to Napoleon's rule over their empire.
To learn more click this link https://www.britannica.com/event/Coup-of-18-19-Brumaire -
On this day, France passed a new constitution that allowed citizens to vote. This marked the end of the revolution and put Napoleon in charge of France. Napoleon helped pass this constitution and gained leadership over France because of his ability to be a great leader. This was a very influential event in French history as it marked the start of democracy in France.
To learn more click this link https://www.britannica.com/topic/Constitution-of-the-Year-VIII -
After defeating Andre in battle, Toussaint now had full control over the island. With all of this power and land Toussaint declared himself governor for life and passed a new constitution. This constitution stated that he would have almost absolute power and would be able to rule without interference. While his new position was good, he struggled to make St. Domingue a profitable endever.
To learn more click here
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Toussaint-Louverture/Command-of-Hispaniola -
On May 18th, 1803, Dessalines created the first flag of Haiti. It was said he created it by using the French flag, but them tore off the white. Then he was left with red and blue which he enlarged to make it fit the flag shape. He stated that the blue would represent Haiti's African's residents while the red would represent those mixed of African and European descent.
To learn more click this link https://www.haiti.org/flag-and-coat-of-arms/ -
After Napoleon defeated Toussaint and gained back control over St. Domingue, he gave the island to Dessalines. The issue was that Napoleon wanted to bring back slavery on the island. Dessalines and other leaders on the island rebelled against the French and were able to drive them off the island. Once the French were off the island, Dessalines proclaimed the island a new country and called it Haiti.
To learn more click here https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jean-Jacques-Dessalines -
The Latin American Revolution was the series of battles and events that took place in order for them to break free of Spanish rule.
-
A Catholic Priest named Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla launched initiated the Mexican War for Independence. This movement was called the "Grito de Dolores" or the "Cry of Dolores" and the movement was going to redistribute the land, end Spanish rule in Mexico, and create racial equality. After initial success, Hidalgo was captured and executed for treason against Spain.
To learn more click this link https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/2018/09/mexico-independence-day-confusion-cinco-de-mayo/ -
Simon Bolivar arrived in Venezuela to aid them in the Admirable campaign. The Admirable Campaign was the nickname for the Venezuelan War for Independence. Simon Bolivar came to their aid and helped lead them to many victories as they headed west to Caracas. His leadership helped propel the rebel army to gain control over their home land.
To learn more click here https://venezuelanalysis.com/images/9539 -
The Battle of Chacabuco took place during the Chilean War of Independence and was a very influential battle. The Chilean forces were led by Jose de San Martin and was in command over the Army of the Andes. The spot that this battle took place was in a mountain valley, so the fighting happened in fields, mountain passes, and hilltops.
To learn more click this link https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-Chacabuco -
The Battle of Bayaca was led by Simon Bolivar in his attempt to liberate New Grenada. At the time, New Grenada was under Spanish control but wanted freedom from their captors. This battle happened roughly 150km away from Bogota and was in the Andes Mountains. This loss was a crushing defeat for Spain because weakened most of the Spanish forces in the Americas and eventually led to the collapse of the Spanish Empire.
To learn more click here https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-Boyaca -
While Spain was conquered by Napoleon in the early 1800's, Peru stayed loyal to Spain. Peru gained independence by outside forces, such as other countries like Argentina. One Argentinean named Jose de San Martin wanted to eradicate the presence of Spain in South America so he and his army invaded Peru. In a matter of a few years, Jose was able to liberate Chile as well as freeing Peru from Spain.
To learn more click this link https://www.britannica.com/place/Peru/Achievement-of-independence -
Gran Columbia or the Republic of Colombia was a republic that includes the present day countries Colombia, Panama, Venezuela, and Ecuador. The leader of this new republic was Simon Bolivar and the capital city was Bogota, Colombia. Gran Colombia was highly militarized due to high ranking officials being in the military. Gran Colombia also had a bicameral legislature from each of the main provinces.
To learn more click this link https://www.britannica.com/place/Gran-Colombia
