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Oct 2, 1500
Amerindians
Trading system & notion of ownership: Barter system or the value of objects defined according to one's needs.
Trade between families, groups & various tribes (maps, potlatch). Means of transportation: canoe & snowshoes.
Econ. role of individuals: men-hunters, women-farmers, elderly-watch over the children. -
Oct 2, 1500
European Fisheries (p.55)
Fish was in great demand: Church banned eating maet for almost 150 days (abstinence days). Length of time to cross the Atlantic prevented fishermen from bringing fresh fish to Europe. Had to be salted or dried. -
Period: Oct 25, 1500 to
Economy and Development
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Period: to
French Regime
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Economy Based On Fur Trade
Effects of an economy based on fur trade on the organization of society & territory.
+ Insufficiently dense population, required Natives alliance to do the hunting.
+ Exploration & enlargement of territory: search for more furs. New France: constant expansion.
+ Establishment of trading posts: foundation of the towns of Quebec & Three Rivers. -
Alliances & Rivalries
The impact of economic activity on alliances & rivalries.
Alliances with certain aboriginal groups meant that the Europeans were at times pulled into Native conflicts and vice versa for the Natives who were pulled into battles for European control of resources. -
Chartered Companies
Their influence of their system on the organization of society & territory (Comp. of 100 Associates).- Chartered comp. system based on privileges (allowed to be only ones with rights to fur trade) & obligations (they were supposed to administer & develop the colony).
- Impacts of chart. comp. sys. on society & territory: Population kept small & male majority. Ignored development of colony.
- MERCANTILISM
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Economic Policies
New France: Small start, but grew in size, small in population, sole purpose to export natural resource (furs) back to France. 13 Colonies: Remained relatively same size, much larger population, focused on diversed farming (tobacco, cotton, indigo) as well as fur trading. -
Mercantilism
A way of financial organization thoery... European countries thought it was essential in order to possess as much gold as possible. Would accomplish this by exporting more than importing. Take in natural resources from colonies had control over & sell finished goods. -
Agricultural Activity
Substinence agriculture: planting just enought to provide for your family (high risk). Attempts to diversify economy by Jean Talon (triangular trade) failed. Too much demand for fur trade & not enough people with skills to diversify. -
Period: to
British Regime
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Economy based on Fur
Fur trade econ. passes into hands of English. Creation of North-West Company after American Revolution & merge with Hudon's Bay Comapny in 1821. Decline in fur trade by beginning of 19th century. -
Transformation of Agriculture (p. 72)
Great Britain could no longer produce enough food for themselves. They bought food from Canada (mainly WHEAT).
IMPORTANT: Growth of DAIRY production (milk, butter, cheese). -
The Secondary Sector
Industrialization first affected light industries producing everyday necessities (shoes, clothing, food, etc.).
In 20th century, export-oriented industries joined kight industries like pulp & paper& other wood-processed products, ore processing, chemical products manufacturing, transportation material (railroads) -
The Primary Sector
After World War Two, the countryside got electirifed (refrigerators, mechanical milk extraction devices).
Farmers specialized in diary production or animal husbandry. The number of farms decrease, their size and productivity increase.
End of 19th century, many mines opened, ores: gold, iron, copper, etc. -
Economy based on Timber
Blockade by Napoleon (1806) & rise of demand for timber in Great Britain. They turned to Canada for its timber supply.
Creation of Bank of Montreal (1817): allow people to invest & obtain credit.
New jobs: lumberjack, loggers, sawmills
Improvement & development of transportation: canals, railroads & steamships. -
Reciprocity Treaty
ECONOMIC POLICIES:
Great Britain ends it's preferential/protectionist treatment with Canada in order to explore new markets & they establish Free Trade (no customs or duties).
Canada needed a new trade alliance & looked to its neighbour.
Canada signs this treaty with the USA (last 10 years). Customs and duties between the two countries were temporarily stopped. Proved advantage for Canadian producers because the USA was such a large market. -
Period: to
Contemporary Period
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Period: to
1st Phase of Industrialization
They made FINISHED products. Went from the country --> city.
Urban expansion: Development in the cities (concentration of services) & development of suburbs. Rural exodus: Farmers--> cities. -
Urban Expansion
Development in cities, concentration of services (transportation, education, hospitals, etc.), infrastructure (transportation, sewers, etc.).
Development of suburbs.
RURAL EXODUS: farmers move to cities (1st phase of industrialization). -
Economic Policies
National policy of MacDonald. 3 main points:
1) Increase Custom Duties: Protect/promote Canadian industries by ensuring Canadians bought Canadian goods.
2) Build Railways: Canadian Pacific Railway (coast to coast) to unify people, increase trade.
3) Encourage Immigration: Especially Western Canada. BIGGER market. -
Period: to
2nd Phase of Industrialization
Sold to other people RAW/NATURAL materials/resources (ex: 2x4 wood). Not finished products. Extract iron from the ground, but don't make complete objects.
Discovered new regions (Outaouais, Mauricie, Saguenay).
Later on, made railways. -
The Tertiary Sector
Jobs of administration and finance were more numerous. New worker class: office worker. Increased consumption, retail activities and larger retail chain stores opened competing against small merchants. Creation of jobs in field of social services, health and education. Many jobs required fewer qualifications & therefore not well-paid. -
Period: to
World War 1
1) Women's rights improved: take men's place in workforce & vote in their place.
2) Conscription crisis: Canada & ESPECIALLY the French didn't want to fight Britain's war. They were forced into the army (they saw action).
3) Economic improvement: Had to make objects for the war. -
Hydroelectricity
Large-scale hydroelectric station projects on these waterways: the St. Maurice, the Saguenay, Ottawa and the St. Lawrence rivers.
1963, Government of Quebec nationalized the electricity industry. Quebec became the world leader in hydroelectricity. The building of large hydroelectric stations flooded territories, the diversion of rivers and the displacement of populations. -
The Great Depression
Stock market crashed in 1929.
People panicked & tried to pull out all thier money so they wouldn't lose it all. -
Period: to
World War 2
Its start led to a huge economy boost which ended The Great Depression.
Canada joined voluntarily.
Conscription crisis: people forced into the army didn't get to see action (didn't get to the battles). -
The Quiet Revolution
Quebec' catches up with the Americans (modernizing). Duplessis wanted to keep life simple (farming, church, etc.).
