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Martin Luther, a Protestant, wrote the famous text that marks the start of the European Reformation: The Ninety-Five Theses. He wanted to denounce the indulgences sold by the Pope in Catholic Churches.
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In England, the Tyndale Bible was published. It is the New Testament that William Tyndale translated into English.
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The Act of Supremacy lead to the foundation of the Anglican Church and the king Henry VIIII was made “Supreme Head of the Church of England”.
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The Church of England separated from the Roman Catholic Church, under Henry VIII reign.
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Rebellions against the religious changes made by Henry VIII in Yorkshire and Lincolnshire.
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He was only 9 when his father died and took his place as a king. He died when he was 15 from tuberculosis.
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Revision of the mass-book under Edward VI reign.
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Also named « Bloody Mary », she was 37 years old when she took the place of her brother and restored Catholicism in 18 months.
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Under Mary’s reign, over 200 Protestants went to the stake.
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The Act of Supremacy (1559) : Church organisation
• abolished the authority of the Pope
• restored the authority of the Queen over the Church
• She became “Supreme Governor of the Church of England”. The Act of Uniformity (1559): Religious belief
• every parish had to use the Book of Common Prayer
• people who did not attend an Anglican service were fined. The 39 articles of faith (1563-1571): Doctrine
• stated the doctrine (religious belief) of the Church -
Rebellion by Catholic against religious reforms of the Queen Elizabeth I.
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With this text the Pope Pius V excommunicates the queen Elizabeth I.
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She was the cousin of Elizabeth and was executed because of complicity against queen Elizabeth.
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Thanks to a material and human advantage, England won against the attempt of invasion of Spain in England.
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James I was proclaimed King of England in 1603 on Elizabeth’s death and proclaimed King of Scotland in 1567. He is the son of Mary Queen of Scotland who had been executed by Elizabeth. He followed the Elizabethan status during his reign.
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A conspiracy devised by a small group of Catholics to blow up Parliament and kill King James I of England and VI of Scotland as he followed the Elizabethan status.
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It is the first permanent settlement and it is named after James I.
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Period of starvation, only 60 of the 500 colonists survived in Jamestown.
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He firmly believed in the divine right of Kings and favored a minority wing of Anglicans : the Arminians.
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The MPs requested the King to recognise the illegality of extra-parliamentary taxation, billeting, martial law, imprisonment without trial. They wanted to get Charles to recognise that there were limits to his
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11 years where King Charles I ruled without calling a parliament after the MPs passed the Tree Resolutions in 1629 declaring that whoever tried to bring in “Popery or Arminianism” or to alter the protestant forms of the Church of England was an enemy of the Kingdom
• as well as anyone advising the King to collect custom duties without Parliament’s consent. -
After the introduction of a New Payer Book (Book of Common Prayer) Scotland is set aflame, the riot in St Giles's Cathedral Edinburgh turned into a widespread rebellion.
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A parliament which lasted until 1660 as Charles I had to call parliament again after the Short Parliament.
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A parliament dissolved after only 3 weeks as Charles I needed money to fight the Scots but the MPs demanded the King to address their grievances first.
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an important document voted by Parliament after heated debates. It summarized all the wrong doing of Charles I and concluded on “revolutionary” demands. It divided the Parliament into 2 groups : the Parliamentarians and the Royalists.
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Passed by the parliament : the army should be placed under the control of a general appointed by Parliament which take away the King’s ability to appoint whoever he wanted.
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Colonel Pride (Army) entered the House of Commons, stopped the vote and arrested the 45 conservative leader MPs. The remainder MPs put the King on trial for high treason.
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Monarchy and House of Lords abolished, England was declared a Commonwealth (a republic).
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He is proclaimed King of Scotland after his father’s execution. He raised a Scottish Army to invade England but Cromwell defeated the Scots Army in 1650 and crushed the uprising of the Scots Royalist force led by Charles II in 1651. He escaped then came back after Cromwell died by issuing the Declaration of Brada after the Protectorate which worked. King restored and he became one.
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England’s first and only written constitution.
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The Protectorate started after the end of the Commonwealth and ended after Charles II issued the Declaration of Breda.
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Charles II issued it which promised a general amnesty, to continue relions toleration, to share power with Parliament in return for the restoration of monarchy.
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Parliament invited the William of Orange ( the King son’s in law) to invade England and seize the crown. He landed with an army of 15 000 men and met no resistanceJames’ army disintegrated, officers deserted. Then, James II fled to France and William became King William III.
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The Bills of Rights lists King James’ misdeeds, fixed limitations on the sovereign’s powers, set out the rights of Parliament, set out basic civil rights and it a key political text.
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Creation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain.
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In the 16th century, Britain began to establish overseas colonies. By 1783, Britain had built a large empire with colonies in America and the West Indies.
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Union du royaume de Grande-Bretagne et le royaume d’Irlande, créant le Royaume Uni de Grande Bretagne et d’Irlande