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Entrega Final de la Línea del Tiempo de la UF Patrimonio Cultural de México.
A01275546
Arq. Manuel Félix Cárdenas -
-The ancient Mayans are known for their writings. Also for his advanced mathematical, astronomical and calendrical calculations.
-They were divided into 3 Classes (Royal Family, State Servants and Farmers).
-Economy was based on agriculture, mainly corn, beans and tubers. His soil irrigation techniques were very advanced for the time.
-The religion of this people was polytheistic, because they believed in several gods.
-They used a writing based on symbols and drawings. -
-Known as the Mother of Cultures of Mesoamerica.
-They founded societies and urban centers, laid the foundations for the first religious and cultural practices, as well as urban patterns of settlement and trade and exchange of raw materials.
-Represents one of the oldest that populated and flourished in the American Continent.
-Its time of maximum splendor was between the years 1,000 to 400 BC. -
-It was one of the pre-Columbian indigenous civilizations that had an important role in the cultural development of Mesoamerica.
-They called themselves ben'zaa, which means people of the clouds in Zapotec.
-They arrived in the Central Valley of Oaxaca, around the year 1500 B.C. and they formed the first villages, surrounding the rivers of the region. -
-Predecessor of the current Mexican Mixtec people.
-Flowered south of the current territory of Mexico.
-Its period of splendor ended in the 10th century, but the Mixtec people survived until the Spanish conquest in the 15th century.
-Begins as a result of the cultural diversification of the Otomanguean-speaking peoples, in the Oaxaca area.
-They shared numerous cultural traits with their Zapotec neighbors. -
-first large civic-religious center in the Mexican highlands.
-influenced several pyramids built later by the Mayans and Mexicas.
-Discovered buried under several meters of lava and abandoned, Cuicuilco remains one of the oldest and most enigmatic urban centers.
-WITH A POPULATION OF 20,000 PEOPLE, IT WAS THE FIRST LARGE SETTLEMENT IN MESOAMERICA -
-enormous importance as an economic, political and religious hub (it was the first urban complex in Mesoamerica.
-Capital of the Zapotec Culture.
-It flourished until 750 AD.
-It received this name thanks to the Spanish during the conquest, before it was known as Oselotepek (Mexica), Dani Baán (Zapotec), Yucucúi (Mixtec). -
-It is one of the most mysterious pre-Columbian cultures of the continent, origins and disappearance constituting debate among researchers.
-Only the ruins of what was its largest city, Teotihuacán, remain.
-The influence of this culture on its Mesoamerican neighbors is known, in fact Teotihuacán was an important pilgrimage center for the later Aztec culture, who, upon finding the abandoned city, saw in it a point of religious revelations. -
-It was inhabited from the year 100 a. C. until 650 AD.
-It was a powerful political, military, economic and cultural center that influenced all of Mesoamerica.
-One of the largest metropolises in the world at that time.
-It is unknown exactly who its inhabitants were and the reasons why they abandoned it around the year 650 AD. Not even its original name is known.
-The Aztecs were the ones who gave the names we know today to the pyramids and the city. -
-The reason of its construction was to have a place where they could adore and pay homage to their god Kukulcán represented in the form of a snake.
-Established between the years 525 when it was founded and 1,100 AD.
-Its name means "mouth of the well of the itzá" in reference to the sacred cenote found in the area.
-The construction of the Temple of Kukulcán dates back to the 12th century AD by the Itza Mayans. -
-was declared as Heritage of Humanity by UNESCO in 1987.
-Its construction was based on the concept of the "four corners" that refers to the cardinal points.
-This area was inhabited between 1200 and 1450, being completely abandoned in the 16th century.
-In its origins received the name of Zamá which means dawn. It is believed that the name change was when the city began to be abandoned. The term Tulum was given due to the wall that surrounds this city. -
One of the most important sources to approach the ancient cultures of Mexico. They are memory of the high degree of cultural, scientific and artistic development of the native civilizations of our country. Made of different materials, they represent complex systems of beliefs and knowledge that cover all areas of life: geographical, historical, economic, calendrical and symbolic records. The Mexican codices contain and preserve that ancestral wisdom. -
It is traditional from the town of Jarácuaro.
The origins of this dance are in pre-Hispanic times, as part of a ritual in honor of Huehuetéotl, the god of fire or old god to ask for good harvests. During the Conquest and the arrival of Catholicism it was prohibited for a time. Currently masks and clothing are used.
Four men dressed as Purepecha peasants: white shirt, a serape, huaraches with wooden soles, wear a mask that represents the face of a smiling old man. -
Fray Bernardino de Sahagún wrote about the saucer in his work: General History of New Spain. He wrote it with disgust, since the ancient Mexica prepared pozole with the meat of the sacrificed, dedicated to Our Lord the Skinned, Xipe Totec. Said celebration bore the name of Tlacaxipehualiztl.
Some ingredients are: corn grain, pork or chicken accompanied with radishes, lettuce, onion, chili and oreganon, all around our country it is prepared in diferent ways: white, green and red sauces. -
-Christopher Columbus left with three ships, Pinta, Niña and Santa María on August 2, 1492.
-In the early hours of October 12 they arrived to Guanahaní, today Watling in Bahamas. Later they discovered Cuba, Haiti and the Dominican Republic.
They carried out the conquest of Middle America with much ease. Christopher Columbus discovered the Antilles, Venezuela and a part of the Atlantic coast of Central America, but he died without knowing that he had discovered a new continent. -
Contributions of the Nahua, Huichol, Purépecha and Afro-Mestizo communities stand out.
It is made up of a group of performers who perform various genres of popular and traditional music with themes that refer, mainly, to love, land and women. Originally, they were made up of string, violin, guitar, harp, tololoche and tambora instruments. In the 20th century, replacements or additions of instruments were made, the most notorious being the trumpet, adopted by commercial groups from the 1940s. -
On February 10, 1519, Diego Velásquez was governor of Cuba, Hernán Cortés disobeyed the governor to accelerate his departure to Cuba with the intention of making an expedition to what would become New Spain. He sale with 11 ships and more than 600 men. The Spanish arrived on the shores of Mexico in February 1519. -
- Hernán Cortes disembarks on the coast of Cozumel, to later arrive to Yucatán. There they met the Mayans whom they defeat. They gave gifts to Hernán Cortes, such as 20 women, including Malinche, a connoisseur of Maya and Nahuatl. They continued their journey and arrived to the coast of Veracruz where they founded the city of Villa Rica de la Vera Cruz.
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They arrived at Cempoala, a large commercial center where the Totonacs lived. They gave Hernán Cortes a detailed description of the great Tenochtitlán.
On his way Hernán meets the Tlaxcalans, who join him against the Aztecs, with the promise to take away all the tributes they paid to the great Mexica empire.
They arrived to the great Tenochtitlán on November 8 where the great emperor Moctezuma received them with great honors and lodged him in the palace of Axayácatl. -
In Veracruz, the first combination of two cuisines takes place: the Spanish and the indigenous. Products, utensils and techniques of European and indigenous cuisine result in this dish. In the Real Villa Rica de la Santa Vera Cruz in 1519, contact with the Spanish began and that resulted in an area marketed by miscegenation, hence this stew similar to cod prepared in some regions of Spain. -
On June 30, the Mexicas launched an attack. What caused the start of the Spanish retreat along the Tacuba road, but the Mexicas seized the bridge and the road.
Hernán Cortés was defeated that night, losing most of his army, men, horses and weapons. Defeated, he cried in pain at the foot of an old ahuehuete when he found himself defeated by the Mexica. -
When Moctezuma dies, Cuitláhuac rises to power but he can do little for his empire since he soon dies of smallpox and the young Cuauhtémoc succeeds him on the throne. On August 13, 1521, Cuauhtémoc was captured, which meant the definitive fall of Tenochtitlán into the hands of the Spanish. -
When the Spanish, under the command of Hernán Cortés, conquered ancient Tenochtitlan, New Spain was founded. It is also known as the Virreinato since it was ruled by a representative of the King of Spain who had the title of Virrey.
It began in the year 1521, when Tenochtitlan fell into the hands of the Spanish, and ended in 1821, the year in which the Independence of Mexico was declared. -
Evangelization was a process led by the Spanish Church that allowed for the conversion of Indigenous people to Christianity.
The Spaniards destroyed temples, cults, books and the doctrines of the ancient Mesoamerican religions. In this way they disabled the ancient deities that governed the ritual and political life of the Mesoamerican civilizations. Which defined their history, their identity and their strength, from the fertility of their corn to the might of their armies. -
It is a Mexican musical genre, known as the typical huapango or son huasteco, performed by the trio huasteco; It is played in the regions of Veracruz, San Luis Potosí, Hidalgo.
It is formed by a guitar with five or eight strings, while another plays the jarana huasteca (a five-string chordophone). The violin guides the melody. The song of the huapango is generally executed in two voices. -
It was an artistic style developed in New Spain between the 17th and 18th centuries, a territory that encompasses Mexico and the surrounding areas. The style manifested itself in expressions such as architecture, painting, sculpture and literature.
It featured the intervention of European, indigenous, Creole and mestizo friars and artists.
Characteristics: abundant ornamentation, sensationalism, tension, dynamism and tenebrism. -
Since colonial times between the 17th and 18th centuries. The Spaniards and Creoles mocked when the typical festivals began, saying "The jarana has already begun", in a derogatory way. The Mayan people took this as a way of saying the festivities and began to use the name as a generic for all the sounds that were performed. -
A system of social stratification, which emerged in the colonies of Spain in America since the eighteenth century. This caste system arises from the fear of the most privileged groups in the face of the old dichotomy of Spaniards and Indians, for fear of losing the gain of rights and political or economic power of an increasing number of mestizo population. -
Today Museo Cabañas is a neoclassical style building, emblematic of the city of Guadalajara. It served as a home for orphans from 1810 to 1980. Inside, some of the most important murals by José Clemente Orozco are preserved. It was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1997. -
On September 16, 1810, a social revolution broke out from which our country would be born as an independent, free and sovereign Nation. On September 27, 1821 the Independence of Mexico culminated, after an eleven-year war that was a great popular revolution to get rid of Spanish rule. Tens of thousands of indigenous people, Afro-descendants, mulattoes, mestizos, peasants, men and women dismantled an oppressive and exclusionary social system. The fight was led by Hidalgo and continued by Morelos. -
This dish dates from 1821, the year in which Agustín de Iturbide signed the act of the treaties of Córdoba. Some say that it was the Augustinian mothers of the Convent of Santa Mónica in Puebla who, knowing that Don Agustín would be in that city to celebrate his saint, decided to make a dish that recalled the colors of the flag. Red(Pomegranate), Green(Chilli) and White (Walnut). -
In May 1864, when Maximiliano disembarks in the port of Veracruz, he arrives in a deeply divided and unstable country.
The War of the Reform, confronted the two great groups that divided the country: liberals and conservatives.
The bloody conflict ended with the defeat of the conservatives and with Benito Juárez, leader of the liberals, as president of the country.
Within a short time Maximilian began to become disillusioned and lose the support of the conservatives who had brought him to power. -
He was born in Guadalajara, on October 3.
He dedicated a good part of his work to the representation of volcanoes. That led him to witness the birth of Paricutin; the notes and paintings he made served to publish the book How a volcano is born and grows, the Paricutín.One of the initiators of Mexican muralism, he imposed a style from which both Diego Rivera and David Alfaro Siqueiros derived; he was controversial, he wrote quite a few books of provocative stories in terms of theme and treatment. -
He was born on November 23, 1883 in Zapotlan. One of the great exponents of Mexican muralism addressed issues such as prehistoric rites, the cultural roots of the indigenous people of western Mexico, the oppression exerted by the Spanish conquerors and the independence struggle from an expressionist perspective that intersects with social realism. -
He was born in Guanajuato 1886.
His paintings were social, revolutionary and critical. Rivera rescued the importance of the indigenous cultural traditions of people, making them the essence of his transformative vision.
He traveled through Europe learning the techniques of El Greco, Giotto and Picasso. His art was influenced by Félix Parra and José María Velasco. Its main message: The need to forge an educated community that participates in the historical, social and political changes in Mexico. -
One of the great exponents of Mexican muralism, he is remembered for his dynamic style. His works, characterized by thick black strokes and a fiery color palette, express intense emotions through a mixture of Mexican tradition and elements of surrealism and European expressionism. With Socialist Ideals, Siqueiros sought a balance between pictorial techniques and the technological revolution of the time to inspire the most vulnerable sectors. -
He mixed European styles such as cubism and surrealism with motifs from Mexican popular culture, loaded with deep symbolism. He had a close relationship with social issues, although he differed from the group of Mexican painters of his time by focusing on formal aesthetic issues instead of letting political discourse be the center of his work construction site. -
She was the first plastic artist to exhibit outside of Mexico. He made self-portraits, landscapes and still lifes, a surrealist style influenced by Mexican folklore. Throughout her life, she denounced the hegemony exercised by male artists in the Mexican cultural scene – “it is a crime to be a woman and to have talent,” she said in 1953 – and chose to give a leading role to the female figure in her work. , where loneliness and dreams are recurring themes. -
She was born on July 6, 1907 in Coyoacán, Mexico.
She rescued the roots of Mexican popular art, through her art, her clothing and ideologies. He embodied in his works the influence of nature and the artifices of Mexico. He was part of the evolution of art in Mexico, due to the autobiographical features of his paintings, expressed through magical realism and fantasy.
She painted were representations of her own life and her emotions: "I paint myself because I am the one I know best." -
It was an armed conflict as a consequence of popular discontent towards the dictatorship of Porfirio Díaz, and that would lead to a civil war that would radically transform the political and social structures of the country. Led by Francisco I. Madero, who opposed the re-election of Díaz a dictator who ruled the country for more than thirty years.
As a result a new Constitution was promulgated,
Agrarian reform, Nationalization of oil, Improvement of the employment situation. -
Although she was born in the United Kingdom in 1917, she is a clear example of the phrase "Mexicans are born where we feel like it" (Chavela Vargas), she is considered an honorary Mexican. He arrived in Mexico in 1942 because of World War II. His paintings are characterized by small, layered brushstrokes with which he constructed rich dreamlike compositions. Carrington was more interested in magical realism, as well as the creative process and female sexuality. -
was an art movement that emerged in the 1920s. Artists were trying to capture their vision on the national identity and the social and political situation of the country. Muralism was distinguished by having an educational purpose that sought to spread part of the Mexican culture and life to a mass public, for which the majority of the works were carried out on the walls of buildings
public.
It lasted a period between 1921 and 1954. -
It refers to a movement born on December 31, 1921, "estridentismo", founded by Manuel Maples Arce, who rejected the art academy and summoned artists towards creation to move away from copying. Art is reactionary, it incites through the work. Under the influence of Cubism, Futurism, Dadaism and Surrealism, a new aesthetic was advocated. -
In 1931, commissioned by Diego Rivera, Juan O'Gorman designed one of the first functionalist architectural structures in Latin America. This space would be a house-studio for Diego and another for Frida, its construction ends in 1932.
In this house, Frida produced a work that would consolidate her as an artist: What the water gave me, The watchful eye and The late Dimas. -
Inaugurated under the name of Museum of Arts
Plásticas, on November 29, 1934, was the first art museum in Mexico, that is, the first cultural venue
dedicated to exhibiting artistic objects for your contemplation. Among the works of art that it protects are the
murals made by Diego Rivera, José Clemente Orozco, David Alfaro Siqueiros, Rufino Tamayo, -
Also known as El Charro de Huentitán or Chente, it is a symbol of Hispanic-American culture. His career leaves a legacy of 25 films and more than 100 albums that earned him 9 Latin Grammys, 3 Grammys, 6 Billboard Awards and even a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. He appeared in his characteristic charro suit. -
He was a Mexican singer and actor. He is considered a musical icon in the second half of the 20th century. His legacy and career as a singer earned him the nickname The Prince of Song.
One of my favorite artists, thanks to my grandfather who listens to them and sings them when we visit him. -
It was assigned to the architect Augusto Pérez Palacios, in collaboration with two more architects in March of 1950.
It was inaugurated on November 20, 1952 in a ceremony headed by President Miguel Alemán and the rector of UNAM Luis Garrido Díaz.
It was conceived with a futuristic vision of sport, it was built with the most modern technological advances, providing space for warm-up courts, a swimming pool, a closed gym and a botanical garden. -
It was the first Latin American country and the first Spanish-speaking country to organize an Olympic event.
23 Olympic Records were broken.
The first time in the modern history of the Olympic Games that a woman lit the cauldron.
They were the first Olympics to be broadcast on television, via satellite, to the entire world. -
The discontent of the students and society in general before the brutal repression of the government of Gustavo Díaz Ordaz had grown. Police and military grenadiers from the Army took over UNAM and IPN schools. The students gathered peacefully in the Plaza de las Tres Culturas, in Tlatelolco. "The attack was totally planned by the government," comments one of the survivors. “The paramilitaries were paid by the government to simulate provoking the soldiers so that they had a pretext to shoot us” -
This denomination, groups genres such as the Sinaloan band, the Norteño-banda, the Sierreño, the grupero genre, the Tex-Mex, among many others.
They are characterized by the use of cowboy clothes and for being versatile within their respective subgenres when interpreting different styles of songs such as the ranchera, the corrido, the bolero, the ballad, the son, among others. -