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The French invasion of Spanish territory generated the imposition, by Napoleon Bonaparte, of a replacement for the Spanish King Ferdinand VII, who had to abdicate, leaving the royal seat in the hands of his brother Joseph Bonaparte. -
The Spanish Constitution of 1812, also called “la Pepa” for the day of Saint Joseph, is proclaimed in Cádiz. Universal suffrage, national sovereignty, separation of powers and constitutional monarchy are established. -
Napoleon recognizes Ferdinand VII as King of Spain. By this treaty, all the territories and properties of the crown are recovered, both on the peninsula and overseas. In exchange, the English troops are evicted from Spain and the supporters of Joseph I Bonaparte, the Frenchmen, will be forgiven. -
In 1833, the First Carlist War began with the proclamation of Charles V, triggering a conflict due to his rejection of the abolition of the Salic law. Carlist support was focused on the Basque Country and Navarra, backed by traditionalism and the lower clergy. In Aragon and Catalonia, it was seen as an opportunity to recover regional rights. The ecclesiastical hierarchy was ambiguous, while liberals and moderates supported María Cristina and Isabel, controlling key institutions and cities. -
Various uprisings take place in Spain against the Regent María Cristina in which they ask that the Constitution of 1812 be reinstated. María Cristina ends up agreeing to the requests of several of her generals. -
The Spanish Constitution of 1837 is approved, after the Regent was forced to do so following the San Ildelfonso Mutiny. This improves that of Cádiz in 1812. Changes in the electoral system and monarchy with two chambers. -
The Second Carlist War begins. Pretender to the throne Charles V. Battles in Catalonia. Leaders the priest Benet Tristany and General Ramón Cabrera. -
The Third Carlist War in Spain (until 1876) pitted supporters of Charles VII against governments such as Amadeo I, the First Republic and Alfonso XII. It developed mainly in the Basque Provinces and Navarra. The restoration of the Fueros by the claimant in 1872 influenced Catalonia, with less impact in Valencia and Aragon. -
Proclamation in the Cortes of the First Spanish Republic. The first elected president is Estanislao Figueras, a federalist republican. He is President of the Government and of the Republic. -
The Spanish-American War was a military conflict that pitted Spain and the United States against each other from April to August 1898, when the United States intervened in the Cuban War of Independence. The defeat of Spain and the consequent loss of its last overseas colonies gave rise in Spain to the expression "Disaster of '98."