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Until the 16th century, the Bible was in latine and only members of the clergy could transmit the faith to believers. In 1526, William Tyndale, a British protestant translated the Bible in English for the British people. The pope defined him as a heretic. -
The creation of the Act of Supremacy by Henry VIII led to the creation of the Anglican Church. The authority of the pope was for the first time contested, and the king of England began the Supreme Chief of the Bristish Church. It was the schism. -
Monasteries were disbanded. The crown appropriated their income and land (+25% of territory). It had a huge impact on nuns and monks, who fled abroad. There was an impact on the social fabric communities and on the clergy’s finances.
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Henry VIII died and his son James Seymour became the King of England when he was 9. Edward Seymour, King’s eldest uncle became the Lord Protector. Edward was a Protestant, and create the Book of Common Prayer in 1549. This book describes the prayers, and the worship practices of the Anglican Church. This gave Protestant religion more importance than before. He died at 15 of tuberculosis
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Mary I was the first reignant queen. She restablished catholicism in 18 months. She was nicknamed Bloody Mary because she burnt protestant people during 3 years and she turned the nation against her. She was ill and died in 1558
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Elizabeth I, also known as the Virgin Queen had to appease religious tensions at the beginning of her reign. Thanks to the religious settlement, she found compromises and restored the country. The queen faces rebellions, many plots and a Spanish attack during his reign. She died at the age of 69 and secured the position of England in the world, imposed protestantism in the country and signed the end of the Tudor lineage.
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Elizabeth I had to impose herself. She created the Treason Act in 1571, just after the northern rebellions of 1569. This made it treason if you don’t recognize the Queen as the legitimate Queen of England. She had showed and proved her authority as a reignant even though she is a woman. -
Mary Stuart was the successor of the throne of England. She abdicated the throne of Scotland and came in england, where she was under close during 19 years. The Babington plot is a plot to kill Elizabeth and place Mary on the throne. It was discovered with a coded letter between Mary and the group of Catholics. She was convicted for complicity and sentenced to death in 1587. She wore a bright red dress for her execution (colour of catholicism). -
Since 1570, the pope authorized anyone to kill the queen of England he defined as a heretic ; Spain tried to invade England in order to restore catholicism. It was a complete defeat because the armada faced a tempest. Before the battle of Tilbury, the Queen delivered a speech in armor, to show that she could face enemy troups with her soldiers. This speech showed her legitimacy and her strength as a Queen of England. -
The number of English people grew aa lot during the 16th century. This led to a pressure on agriculture and a rise of prices. Central and local governments in England had a responsability to help poor people. They established a distinction between "deserving poors" and "undeserving poors". It was harsh laws against beggars and vagrants. This system remained in place until the 19th century. That was one of the most famous legacy of the Queen's reign. -
James I is the son of Mary Queen of Scots. He was the closest heir to succeed to Elizabeth I. He is a strong believer in the rights of the King.
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A conspiracy devised by a small group of Catholics. Guy Fawkes attempted to blow up the British Parliament and James I with 36 barrels of gunpowder. The plot failed. -
Jamestown is the first permanent settlement in the British colonies located in North America. It follows the 1585 attempt in Roanoke, Virginia. -
There was a period of starvation due to the insufficient growing of crops, a lack of drinkable water and the conflicts with the Native Powhatan tribe. Only 60 of the 500 settlers survived and some of them turned to cannibalism.
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It is the centrepiece of the financial reforms. The King would receive a fixed sum. He would be financially independent.
The House of Commons refused to vote in favour of the Great Contract, so James dismissed Parliament. -
England at war with Spain and France.
Lots of English military defeats. -
This declaration of war represents the beginning of civil wars across Britain from 142 to 1649. -
England declared a “Commonwealth”, governed by its people without a King :
- The Commonwealth (1649-1653)
- The Cromwellian Protectorate (1654-1658)
- The Declaration of Breda which declared the return of the King (1660) -
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Charles II issued the Declaration of Breda.
It promised a general amnesty, to continue religious toleration and to share power with Parliament.
It led to the restoration of monarchy. -
The fire increased hostility towards Charles II and his court (drunkenness, mistresses). The King was nicknamed the “merry monarch”. -
- The Popish Plot ; rumour of a plot organised by the French to murder Charles II and replace him by his Catholic brother James II.
- The Exclusion crisis ; Parliament attempted to debar James II from the succession to the English throne The Parliament tried to modify the rules of succession. Charles II dissolved the Parliament.
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When James II sat on the throne, deep seated fear of Catholic absolutism. Parliament invited the King’s son in law, William of Orange, to invade England and seize the crown
James’ army disintegrated. James II fled to France and William became King William III. -
- Lists King James’ misdeeds
- Fixed limitations on the sovereign’s powers (Parliament gained control over finances and over the army)
- Set out the rights of Parliament (Freedom of speech in Parliament).
- Set out basic civil rights
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- Ensured a Protestant succession, ignoring dozens of Catholic heirs.
- Put an end to the 16th and 17th quarrel between King and Parliament.
- A new balance of powers in favour of Parliament.
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Creation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain: England (and Wales) and Scotland. -
Period of reigns of the Hanoverian Kings George I, George II, George III, George IV + William IV.
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It is a politic revolution in Boston against the Brish Parliament. People in America wanted their independance. They threw tea (rare and expensive) in the ocean in order to be remarked in Britain. -
The original 13 colonies of North America wanted their independance from Britain. Britain lost a huge part of its Empire. The end of the War of Independance marked the end of the British Empire.