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The Ninety five theses was written by Protestant Martin Luther in 1517. It wildely spread because of the printig press . In this, Martin Luther denounced the Indulgences that he described as "blasphemy".
However, it led to his excommunication in 1521. He was also declared a heretic. -
The Tyndale Bible is the fist translation of the New Testament in English. It was made by William Tyndale. It spread widely thanks to the printing press.
However, the first translation of the Bible happened a few years before, in 1522 when it was translated in German. -
Under the reign of Henri VIII, the Church of England separated from the Roman Catholic Church.
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In 1553, Mary Tudor, daughter of Catherine of Aragon and Henri VIII, became Queen of England. She was the first Queen regnant until she fell sick and died in 1558.
Mary Tudor is also known as Bloody Mary because more than two hundred Protestants were burnt alive during her sovereignity. -
After Mary I's death due to illness, her half-sister, Elizabeth I, succeeded her. -
Elizabeth I's reign is considered as a Golden Age, the Age of English Renaissance. Fine Arts, Music,Litterature, Theatre, all of that flowered during Elizabeth I's sovereignity.
It was also the Age of exploration and expansion: Francis Drake travelled all around the world and Walter Raleigh went to North America and set the first English colonies. -
A group of young Catholics wanted to kill Elizabeth I. They exchanged letters with Mary Stuart, who was imprisonned, but one was caught by Sir Francis Walsingham. He deciphered the coded letter and discovered the plot.
This led to the execution of Mary Stuart, a year later in 1587. -
Spanish King Phillip II, Mary Tudor's husband who also supported many plots against Elizabeth I , attacked England. However, it ended by an English victory, thanks to the storm and the light-weighted ships.
This event favored Elizabeth I. It was a proof of her extraordinary qualities and that she was favored by God. After this triumph, a lot of portraits of her have been made to show her power and strength. -
After Queen Elizabeth I's death, Mary Stuart's son , James VI of Scots, became King of England because Elizabeth I did not marry and had no children. So, he was the closest family member she had and succeeded her. -
Conspiracy led by Guy Fawkes (along with a group of Catholics) to blow up both the Parliament and King James I -
In 1580, Walter Raleigh went to Northern America while Elizabeth I was still alive.
The first permanent English settlement in North America was Jamestown in Virginia, in 1607.The state was named after Elizabeth I who was known as the Virgin Queen, and the city was named Jamestown after James I who succeeded Elizabeth I and was King of England at the time. It led to the English Colonial Empire. -
One of the first important (religious) change sthta was made by James I when he became King and continued on Elizabeth I's path . -
He became king when King James I died because he was his father . His reign ended by his execution.
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11 years when King Charles I did not call a Parliament.
Also known as the "Eleven Years Tyranny" -
It summed up all the wrondgoings of Charles I and all the "revolutionary" demands. It gave Parliament control over the army sent to Ireland and to reform the Church .
The House of Commons got the power to choose the King's ministers .
However, this divided Parliament in 2 groups : the Parliamentarians and the Royalists , which somehow led to Civil War. -
King Charles I declared war to Parliament .
This war ended in 1646 with the Parliament's victory. -
During the Interregnum (1649-1660 period between two kings) after King Charles I's execution. Republic ruled by England's people and without but it failed to reach stability, which led to the Cromwellian Protectorate.
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England’s first and only written Constitution. -
Military Dictatorship which was similar to a monarchy without a king established by Cromwell.
Cromwell entitled himself Lord Protector instead of King kind of like Napoleon Bonaparte -
The king was restored under King Charles II's reign. After he promised a general amnesty, religious toleration and to share power with Parliament in return for the restoration of monarchy.(Declaration of Breda)
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Parliament invited William of Orange, James II's son in law to invade England and seize the Crown , which he did .
James II fled to France and William of Orange became King William III until he died in 1702.
The Glorious was a key event in the change from an absolute monarchy to Constitutional monarchy.
Something to also remember is that no blood was shed. -
Presumed plot led by the French to murder Charles II in order to replace him with his Catholic brother James II. People feared that James would implement Catholic politics and restore absolute monarchy, like Louis XIV, which would threaten Parliament.
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The Bill of Rights was the first document to fix limits to the monarch's power.It also gave Parliament more control and power over finances and the army along with freedom of speech.
This key political text was a model to the US Bill of Rights -
The Toleration Act established religious pluralism and freedom of worhsip for all Protestants.It was established under King William III and Mary II who were Protestants.
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This Act ensured a PROTESTANT succession to the English Crown which ignored dozens of Catholics heirs. It was also a key in the formation of the Kingdom of Great Britain
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Ensured a Protestant succesision to the English's throne
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This Act of Union created the United Kingdom of Great Britain (composed of England,Wales and Scotland).
This was James I's older dream. He tried to do so but Parliament disagreed so it did not happen. -
Led to the start American revolutionary war.
In this wa, France helped America. -
This created the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.
Flags merged and so did Parliaments.
This Act of Union adds Ireland to the Kingdom, who wasn't part of it before.