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Saw the Middle Ages as a period of darkness when knowledge of classical civilizations was in decline, first scholar of his era to write in vernacular, was a humanist
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helped in mass production of books and consequently in the spreading of knowledge. It helped create a more uniform language and made the prices of books become considerably lower and more affordable for the masses.
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Major causes of the conflict include: 1) both houses were direct descendents of king Edward III; 2) the ruling Lancastrian king, Henry VI, surrounded himself with unpopular nobles; 3) the civil unrest of much of the population; 4) the availability of many powerful lords with their own private armies; and 5) the untimely episodes of mental illness by king Henry VI.
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The war of Netherlands independence from Spain, which led to the separation of the northern and southern Netherlands and to the formation of the United Provinces of the Netherlands (the Dutch Republic).
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Dutch trade, science, and art and the Dutch military were among the most acclaimed in the world.
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Signed by King Henry IV and granted the minority Calvinist Protestants of France, also known as Huguenots, substantial rights in the nation, which was predominantly Catholic.
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Son of Mary, Queen of Scots (and descended from Henry VII's daughter Margaret), had been King of Scotland for 36 years when he became King of England. Although he was King of both countries, James's attempt to create a full governmental union proved premature.
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Also King fames VI of Scotland. Son of Mary Queen of Scotts. Divine right of the king. Ailienated Parlement
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As a precondition to granting any future taxes, in 1628 Parliament forced the King to assent to the Petition of Right. This asked for a settlement of Parliament's complaints against the King's non-parliamentary taxation and imprisonments without trial, plus the unlawfulness of martial law and forced billets.
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On one side were supporters of the king (Charles I) and on the other were supporters of Parliament (led by Oliver Cromwell). The Civil War resulted in the execution of Charles followed by 11 years of a commonwealth, when England had no monarch.
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A series of aggressive uprisings and riots in the early years of Louis XIV's reign - was triggered by growing royal control and increased taxation
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restoration of the monarchy
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Deposed by the glorious revolution
last catholic monarch
Born protestant married a catholic (Henrietta Maria of France) -
culminated in the exile of King James II and the accession to the throne of William and Mary. It has also been seen as a watershed in the development of the constitution and especially of the role of Parliament.
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started Jacobite uprisings Soon after their arrival, William and Mary accepted The Declaration of Rights, which were conditions of their rule set out by Parliament. Although they were recognized as the heads of state, it was unusual to have two joint rulers, and they could not pass laws without Parliament's approval.
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made lons
issued bank notes
notion of national debt -
First Bourbon King
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Bruacracy and military
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Didn't speak English
From Germany -
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prime minister of GB
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Spoke broken English
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effort to put Charles Stewart in English throne
loose to the English
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The Battle of Culloden was the final confrontation of the Jacobite rising of 1745. On 16 April 1746, the Jacobite army of Charles Edward Stuart was decisively defeated by a British government force under Prince William Augustus, Duke of Cumberland, on Drummossie Moor near Inverness in the Scottish Highlands.
Deportation of Scottish people -
Ended war of Austrian Succession
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The diplomatic revolution of 1756 was the reversal of longstanding alliances in Europe between the War of the Austrian Succession and the Seven Years' War, when Austria went from an ally of Britain to an ally of France and Prussia became an ally of Britain.
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King of GB and Ireland
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Ended 7yrs war
Austria officially recognized Prussia's permanent control of Silesia -
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Concordat of 1801, agreement reached on July 15, 1801, between Napoleon Bonaparte and papal and clerical representatives in both Rome and Paris, defining the status of the Roman Catholic Church in France and ending the breach caused by the church reforms and confiscations enacted during the French Revolution.
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The rights of the gentry to trail by peers and exemption from personal taxation and corporal punishment
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Men are born free and remain free and equal in rights. Social distinctions can be based only on public utility. The aim of every political association is the preservation of the natural and imprescriptible rights of man. These rights are liberty, property, security and resistance to oppression. The Declaration served as an affirmation of the core principles of the French Revolution, such as the statement that "men are born and remain free and equal in right
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The Civil Constitution of the Clergy (French: Constitution civile du clergé) was a law passed on 12 July 1790 during the French Revolution, that caused the immediate subordination of most of the Catholic Church in France to the French government.
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The Third Partition took place on October 24, 1795, in reaction to the unsuccessful Polish Kościuszko Uprising the previous year. With this partition, the Commonwealth ceased to exist
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Established in response to the chaotic and bloody Reign of Terror (1793-94), the Directory sought to restore stability to France by resurrecting the initial revolutionary principles of 1789. The Directory used military force to put down uprisings. They also annulled elections when they didn't like the results. Despite these struggles, the Directory did help France to recover somewhat from the Terror and set the stage for future governments.
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Gains support of clergy and peasantry and the money of the Cath. Church
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1804
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The Wars of Liberation start with the signing of the Convention of Tauroggen by Yorck, commander of the of the Prussian Auxiliary Corps of the French in Russia, (End of the Prussian alliance with the French) on 30th of december 1812.
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After Napoleon Bonaparte's disastrous campaign in Russia ended in defeat, he was forced into exile on Elba. He retained the title of emperor — but of the Mediterranean island's 12,000 inhabitants, not the 70 million Europeans over whom he'd once had dominion.
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Louis XVIII, known as the Desired, was King of France from 1814 to 1824, except for a brief interruption during the Hundred Days in 1815. He spent 23 years in exile from 1791: during the French Revolution and the First French Empire, and during the Hundred Days
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The Battle of Waterloo was fought on 18 June 1815 between Napoleon's French Army and a coalition led by the Duke of Wellington and Marshal Blücher. The decisive battle of its age, it concluded a war that had raged for 23 years, ended French attempts to dominate Europe, and destroyed Napoleon's imperial power forever
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On 16 August 1819 60,000 people congregated in St Peter's Field in Manchester, with demands for the right to vote, freedom from oppression and justice.
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Parliament passed a law that changed the British electoral system. It was known as the Great Reform Act, which basically gave the vote to middle class men, leaving working men disappointed.
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The set of laws that require unemployed to either find work or live in workhouse (awful conditions) separation from family. The goal was to abuse them into working again
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the repealing of the Corn Laws aided the industrial middle class, who as economic liberal, favored the principles of free trade.
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