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Pathologically unbalanced, Ivan succeeded to the throne as a small child. In 1547 he threw off the tutelage of the nobles, and embarked upon a period of sound government and institutional reform.
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Charles V had ruled the Spanish kingdoms and empire in personal union with the Holy Roman Empire.[4] He wished his son Philip II to succeed him as Emperor, and that eventually happened.
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James was widely mourned. For all his flaws, he had largely retained the affection of his people, who had enjoyed uninterrupted peace and comparatively low taxation during the Jacobean era.
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A targeted group of assassinations, followed by a wave of Roman Catholic mob violence, both directed against the Huguenots (French Calvinist Protestants), during the French Wars of Religion.
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Henry IV had united the kingdom and achieved peace at home and abroad. He now proceeded to bring order and prosperity back to France.
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Granted the Calvinist Protestants of France (also known as Huguenots) substantial rights in a nation still considered essentially Catholic.
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Louis XIII, taciturn and suspicious, leaned heavily on his Prime Minister Cardinal Richelieu, to govern the Kingdom.
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Initially, it was fought largely as a religious war between Protestants and Catholics in the Holy Roman Empire, although disputes over internal politics and the balance of power within the Empire played a significant part.
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Richelieu soon rose in both the Catholic Church and the French government, becoming a Cardinal in 1622, and King Louis XIII's chief minister in 1624. He remained in office until his death in 1642.
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Charles engaged in a struggle for power with the Parliament of England, attempting to obtain royal revenue whilst Parliament sought to curb his Royal prerogative which Charles believed was divinely ordained.
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A series of armed conflicts and political machinations between Parliamentarians (Roundheads) and Royalists (Cavaliers).
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His reign of 72 years and 110 days is one of the longest in French and European history.
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The Peace of Westphalia was a series of peace treaties signed between May and October 1648 in Osnabrück and Münster. These treaties ended the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648) in the Holy Roman Empire.
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An English military and political leader and later Lord Protector of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland.
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The resurgence of monarchy was brought about by a series of historically significant incidents., but the restoration continued til roughly 1700 so it pobably should have been a timespan:)
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It wasn’t until Mazarin died in 1661, when Louis XIV was in his twenties, that the young king finally took control of the French government.
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The court of Versailles was the centre of political power in France from 1682, when Louis XIV moved from Paris, until the royal family was forced to return to the capital in October 1789 after the beginning of the French Revolution.
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Peter implemented sweeping reforms aimed at modernizing Russia.
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The overthrow of King James II of England (James VII of Scotland and James II of Ireland) by a union of English Parliamentarians with the Dutch stadtholder William III of Orange-Nassau (William of Orange).
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It was a restatement in statutory form of the Declaration of Right presented by the Convention Parliament to William and Mary in March 1689 (or 1688 by Old Style dating), inviting them to become joint sovereigns of England.
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Te war between Austria, Britain, Prussia, and the Netherlands on the one side and France, Spain, and Bavaria on the other over the disputed succession to the Spanish throne.
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She was the only woman ruler in the 650 history of the Habsburg dynasty. She was also one of the most successful Habsburg rulers, male or female, while bearing sixteen children between 1738 and 1756.
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He is best known for his brilliance in military campaigning and organization of Prussian armies.
