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After Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella of Castile got married in 1469, they initiated a confederation of the two kingdoms that became the basis for the unification of Spain. -
He is also credited with establishing the Royal Navy, encouraging shipbuilding, and creating anchorages and dockyards.
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Elizabeth I reigned England during a period, called the Elizabethan Age when England asserted itself as a major European power in politics
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The Edict of Nantes granted the Calvinist Protestants of France, also known as Huguenots, rights in the nation. -
The Don Quixote was a Spanish epic novel by Miguel de Cervantes. Also known as El ingenioso hidalgo. -
The Thirty Years War started because of the actions of Emperor Ferdinand II forcing the protestants into Catholicism.
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Petition of Right was sent by English Parliament to King Charles I complaining about a series of breaches of law he had made. -
Charles II founded the Royal Society in 1660 and saw the rise of colonization and trade in India, the East Indies, and America. He also saw the rise of the Passage of Navigation Acts that secured Britain's future as a sea power.
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Louis oversaw the administrative and financial reorganization of his realm, and also set up manufactures and worked to boost trade. He also reformed the army and had a string of military victories.
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It was meant to abolish the courts which were seen as challenging the supremacy of the law.
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The Peace of Westphalia ended the Thirty Years' War and brought peace to the Holy Roman Empire. -
Hobbes wrote many books and contributed to many academic fields, but "Leviathan" is the one he is best remembered for. -
One of Peter the Great's goals was to transform Russia into a maritime. He greatly increased the size of Russia's navy.
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Bach is celebrated as the creator of many masterpieces of church and instrumental music. -
A major statement of the political philosophy of the English philosopher John Locke, published in 1689 but substantially composed some years before then. -
The Glorious Revolution is a term used in 1689 to describe events that lead to the deposition of James II and VII of England, Ireland, and Scotland in November of 1688.
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The Glorious Revolution is a term used in 1689 to describe events the lead to the deposition of James II and VII of England, Ireland, and Scotland in November of 1688. -
The English Bill of Rights was an Act declaring the Rights and Liberties of the Subject, and settling the Succession of the Crown. -
Robinson Crusoe is a novel by Daniel Defoe, that credited the work's protagonist Robinson Crusoe as its author, leading many to believe he was a real person. -
"Gulliver's Travels" is considered Swift's best known full-length work and a classic of English literature. -
Frederick II lead his nation through many wars with Austria and Austria's allies. His tactics consolidated Prussian lands and transformed his kingdom.
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"The Spirit of Laws" is a comparative study of three types of government: republic, monarchy, and despotism. -
The point of Diderot's "Encyclopedia" is to gather all knowledge, examine it critically and rationally, and use it for social advancement.
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The Seven Years War provided Great Britain with enormous territorial gains in North America, although it ultimately led to the American Revolution.
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George III was the first truly British monarch of the Hanoverian kings and reigned for almost 60 years.
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Many historical events inspired Voltaire to write Candide, like the publication of Leibniz's "Monadology", the Seven Years' War, and the 1755 Lisbon earthquake. -
The Social Contract is a 1762 French-language book that was written by Jean-Jacques Rousseau. -
Catherine the Great reigned longer than any other female in Russian history. She westernized Russia and significantly expanded Russian territory.
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The Boston Massacre was a conflict in which a group of nine British soldiers shot five people who were harassing them verbally and throwing various projectiles. -
American political and mercantile protest by the Sons of Liberty in Boston, Massachusetts. -
The Intolerable Acts were laws aimed to punish Massachusetts colonists for their defiance in the Tea Party protest of the Tea Act, a tax measure enacted by Parliament in May 1773. -
The Battle of Lexington and Concord were the first military engagements of the American Revolutionary War. They were fought in Middlesex County, Province of Massachusetts Bay, in the towns of Lexington, Concord, Lincoln, Menotomy, and Cambridge. -
The "Wealth of Nations" influenced several authors, economists, governments, and organizations. It also extolls the benefits of the division of labor, competition, and trade. -
The Declaration of Independence was adopted by Continental Congress on July 4, 1776, but was officially signed a month later. -
Joseph II ordered the abolition of serfdom. He established religious equality before the law, and he granted freedom of the press -
The Battle of Yorktown, also known as the German battle because of the presence of Germans in all three armies, occurred in Yorktown, Virginia. -
The Treaty of Paris officially ended the American Revolutionary War and the overall state of conflict between the two countries. -
A "Vindication of the Rights of Woman" is one of the first works of feminist philosophy. -
The Constitution of the United States is the supreme law of the United States of America. -
A Paris mob that was hungry due to a lack of food from poor harvests and were upset at the conditions of their lives and annoyed with their King and Government stormed the Bastille fortress -
The agreement they took was an oath that was to never separate until a written constitution had been established for France. -
The Declaration of the Rights of Man is a human civil rights document set by France's National Constituent Assembly. -
On October 5, 1789, crowds of Parisian market women marched on Versailles, demanding reforms. -
The Declaration of the Rights of Women was written in response to the 1789 Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen. -
The monarchy was abolished and a republic was established.
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The National Convention was the first French assembly elected by universal male suffrage -
The Committee of Public Safety formed the provisional government and war cabinet during the Reign of Terror. -
A period of the French Revolution when, following the creation of the First Republic, a series of massacres and numerous public executions took place.
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The Five Man Directory was overthrown by Napoleon Bonaparte and was later replaced by the Consulate. -
Napoleon was the architect of France's recovery following the Revolution before setting out to conquer Europe, which led to his downfall. -
The Battle of Trafalgar was a naval engagement that took place between the British Royal Navy and the combined fleets of the French and Spanish Navies during the War of the Third Coalition of the Napoleonic Wars. -
The Battle of Austerlitz is also known as the Battle of the Three Emperors. It occurred near the town of Austerlitz in the Austrian Empire. -
The Battle of Leipzig is also known as the Battle of the Nations, fought at Leipzig Saxony. The armies led by Tsar Alexander I and Karl von Schwarzenberg decisively defeated the Grande Armée of French Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte.
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The invasion of Russia ruined Napolean's stock and he went from the king of Europe to exile. -
Congress of Vienna was a series of meetings to discuss a new layout of the European political and constitutional order after the downfall of the French Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte.
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Napoleon had been exiled to St. Helena after he was defeated by the British at the Battle of Waterloo in 1815.