Absolutism - World Exploration

By smcelroy14
  • Period: Jan 1, 1500 to

    Absolutism to World Exploration

  • Period: Jan 1, 1514 to Jan 1, 1564

    Andreas Vesalius

    • Flemish scientiest challneged the traditional account in anatomy
  • Period: Jan 1, 1516 to Jan 1, 1558

    Reign of Charles V of Spain

    • Spanish King, Holy Roman Emperor
    • grandson of Ferdinand and Isabella
    • constantly at war with France, Protestants & Ottoman Empire
  • Jan 23, 1516

    Charles V becomes ruler of Spanish Empire

    after grandfather Ferdinand dies
  • Jan 1, 1517

    Luther begins Protestant Reformation

    • religious turmoil and warfare followed almost immediately
  • Jun 26, 1519

    Charles V becomes ruler of Holy Roman Empire

  • Period: Jan 1, 1533 to

    Reign of Tsar Ivan IV of Russia

    • strived to make Muscovy center of a mighty Russian empire
    • initiated Russian expansion eastward into Siberia and tried to gain new territory to the west
  • Jan 1, 1543

    Revolution in astronomy begins

    • Nicolaus Copernicus publishes On the Revolution of the Celestial Spheres
    • heliocentrism = a sun-centered universe
    • questioned the traditional view that the earth was unchanging
  • Sep 25, 1555

    Peace of Augsburg established

    • Charles V signs
    • maintained relative peace throughout the Holy Roman Empire
    • granted each ruler (prince) the right to determine the religion of his territory
    • Lutherans given legal standing
  • Oct 25, 1555

    Reign of Charles V ends

    • Charles gives his Spanish Empire to his son Philip
    • his brother Ferdinand succeeds as Holy Roman Empire
    • lived alone in a monastery
  • Period: Jan 1, 1556 to

    Reign of Philip II of Spain

    • most powerful ruler in Europe
    • reigned over the western Habsburg lands & all Spanish colonies recently settled in the New World
    • son of Charles V
    • determined to restore Catohlic unity in Europe and lead Christian defense against Muslims
    • thru 4 wives became part of Portuguese, English, French, & Austrian royal families
  • Jan 1, 1558

    Mary Tudor of England dies

    • cancer
  • Period: Jan 1, 1558 to

    Reign of Elizabeth I of England

    • succeeded half-sister Mary Tudor
    • rejected Spain's Philip II's marriage proposal and brought Protestantism back to England
    • provided funds/troops to the Dutch Protestant cause
    • greatest challenges came from Calvinist Puritans and Philip II
    • 1588--oversaw the defeat of the Spanish Armadaa
  • Sep 21, 1558

    Death of Charles V

    Charles V dies at the age of 58 in Yuste, Spain of malaria
  • Jul 10, 1559

    King Henry II of France dies

    • at the age of 40 from a jousting accident
    • son Francis dies soon after
  • Period: Dec 5, 1560 to May 30, 1574

    Reign of Charles IX of France

    • takes the throne at age 10 after father Henry II and brother dies
    • mother Catherine de Médicis served as regent (acting ruler)
    • Catherine was Italian-born
    • she tried but failed to prevent religious warfare between Calvinists and Catholics
  • Period: Jan 1, 1561 to

    Sir Francis Bacon

    • spread reputation of scientific method
  • Period: Mar 1, 1562 to

    French Wars of Religion

    • Huguenots (French Calvinists) & Catholics fight a series of wars that threatened to destroy the French nation
  • Jan 1, 1563

    Thirty-Nine Articles of Religion

    • issued under England's Elizabeth I
    • Catholic ritual + Calvinist doctrines
  • Period: Jan 1, 1564 to

    William Shakespeare

    • plays reflected the nature of power and the crisis of authority
  • Period: Jan 1, 1564 to

    Galileo Galilei

    • provided evidence to support heliocentrism
    • built telescope
    • published his work in Italian
  • Period: Jan 1, 1566 to Jan 1, 1576

    Calvinist revolt against Spain

    • 1566--Nethland Calvinists attack Catholic churches
    • 1576--Spanish armies attack Antwerp (Europe's wealthiest commercial city) for 11 days (Spanish Fury), slaughter 7,000
    • William I of Orange leads 17 regions of the Netherlands (Calvinists) against Roman Catholic King Phillip II of Spain
    • Phillip loses → the Dutch Republic is founded under William I of Orange
  • Period: Jan 1, 1567 to

    Claudio Monteverdi

    • most innovative composers of opera, contributed to development of opera and orchestras
  • Jan 1, 1568

    Scottish throne abdicated to James I

    • Socttish Calvinists force Mary Queen of Scots (Elizabeth I's Catholic cousin) to abdicate Scottish throne to son James (James I of England)
    • James then raised Protestant
  • Jan 1, 1569

    Poland-Lithuania formed

    • controlled an extensive territory stretching from the Baltic Sea to present-day Urkraine and Belarus
    • kings accepted the principle of religious toleration
    • threatened the rule of Russia's Ivan IV's successors
  • Oct 7, 1571

    Battle of Lepanto

    • greatest military victory of Philip II of Spain's reign; sea battle off the Greek coast
    • the Holy League (Philip's allied Catholic forces, Venice, & papacy) defeated the Ottomans, stopping their expansion in the Mediterranean and preventing their influence from spreading west
    • Christian powers now controlled the Mediterranean
  • Aug 24, 1572

    St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre

    • after a botched attempt to assassinate a Huguenot noble allied with the Bourbons, Catherine de Médicis convinces her son King Charles IX of France to order the death of Huguenot leaders who had come to Paris for Charles' sister's wedding
    • violence spirals out of control and a bloodbath begins fueled by years of growing animosity between Catholics & Protestants
    • 3 days: 3,000 Huguenonts murdered in Paris, 10,000 over the next 6 weeks
    • Constitutionalism
    • *Constitutionalism
  • Period: May 16, 1573 to May 12, 1575

    Reign of Henry III of France

    • takes the throne after brother Charles IX dies
    • fails to produce an heir
    • believing that Henry won't root out Protestantism, Guises form the Catholic League, requesting help from Philip II (Spain)
    • Henry has 2 Guise leaders killed
    • Henry III dies from being stabbed by a monk
  • Period: to

    Hugo Grotius

    • furthered secular thinking by systematizing the notion of "natural law"--laws of nature that give legitimacy to govt. and stand above the actions of any ruler or religious group
    • wrote Laws of War and Peace (1625)
    • challenged widespread use of torture

  • Assassination of William of Orange

  • Mary, Queen of Scots, is beheaded

    • Elizabeth I orders the beheading of Catholic cousin Mary Stuart after finding a letter from Mary offering her succession rights to Philip II

  • England defeats Spanish Armada

  • Period: to

    Reign of Henry IV of France

    • Henry of Navarre, Protestant Bourbon leader next in line to the throne after Henry III (brother-in-law)
    • issued the Edict of Nantes
    • reduced state debt and strengthened monarchy but was assassinated in 1610

  • Henry IV of France publicly embraces Catholicism

    • placed the interests of the French state ahead of his Protestant faith in order to establish control over France
    • "Paris is worth a Mass"

  • Freedom of worship for Dutch Jews

    • Jews living in the Dutch Republic could worship openly in their synagogues
    • opennes to various religions made Dutch Republic one of Europe's chief intellectual and scientific centers in the 17th/18th century

  • Edict of Nantes

    • decree issued by French king Henry IV that granted the Huguenots a large measure of religious toleration
    • ended the French Wars of Religion

  • Shakespeare's Hamlet is written

    • might be read as commentaries on the uncertainties faced by Elizabeth I & James I
  • Period: to

    Reign of James I of Scotland/England

    • Elizabeth I chooses Mary Stuart's son as successor
    • king of both Scotland and England

  • King James Bible is authorized

    • new translation of the bible named after Elizabeth I's successor James

  • Expulsion of Moriscos

    • successor of Spain's Philip II, Philip III orders the expulsion of Moriscos (Muslim converts to Christianity who remained secretly faithful to Islam) from Spanish territory
    • Moriscos relocate to North Africa
  • Period: to

    Reign of Michael Romanov of Russia

    • established an enduring new dynasty
  • Period: to

    The Thirty Years' War

    • grew out of the reliigous conflicts initiated by the Reformation
    • eventually involved almost every major power in Europe
    • devastated lands of central Europe
    • produced permanent changes in European politics and culture

  • The Defenestration of Prague

    • Czech Protestants throw two Catholic deputies sent to break up their meeting out the windows of the royal castles
    • begins the Thirty Years' War

  • African slaves transported to Virginia

    • foreshadowed a major transformation of economic life in the New World colonies
  • Period: to

    Reign of Emperor Ferdinand II of Bohemia

  • New Plymouth Colony is founded

    • English settlers on Mayflower land in Massachussettes

  • Edict of Restitution

    • Bohemia emperor Ferdinand II issues Edict of Restitution outlawing Calvinism in the empire and reclaiming Catholic church properties confiscated by the Lutherans

  • France joins Thirty Years' War

    • declares war on Spain, allies with Calvinist Dutch
  • Period: to

    Reign of Frederick William of Hohenzollern of Brandenburg-Prussia

    • the Great Elector of Brandenburg-Prussia who brought his nation through the end of the Thirty Years' War and then succeeded in welding his scattered lands into an absolutist state
  • Period: to

    Isaac Newton

    • developed the grand sysnthesis of the laws of scientific method
  • Period: to

    Civil war between King Charles I and Parliament in England

  • Period: to

    Reign of Louis XIV of France

    • personified the absolutist ruler
    • manipulated his courtiers, chose middle-class men who owed everything to him as his ministers, built up Europe's largest army, snuffed out every hint of religous or political opposition
    • in theory shared his power with no one but in practice had to gain the cooperation of nobles, local officials, even the ordinary subjects who manned his armies and paid his taxes

  • Spain formally recognizes Dutch independence

  • Peace of Westphalia

    • settlement that ended the Thirty Years' War
    • established enduring religious divisions in the Holy Roman Empire by which Lutheranism would dominate in the north, Calvinism int he area of the Rhine River, and Catholicism in the south
    • France & Sweden gained most
    • Hapsburgs lost the most

  • Fronde revolt

    • challenges royal authority in France

  • Ukrainian Cossack revolt

    • Ukrainian Cossack warriors rebel against the king of Poland-Lithuania

  • Execution of Charles I of England

  • New Russian legal code

    • assigns all citizens to hereditary class

  • Thomas Hobbes publishes Leviathan

  • Monarchy is restored in England

  • Slave code set up in Barbados

  • Louis XIX begins war

    • first of many wars that continue throughout his reign

  • Stenka Razin rebellion

    • Stenka Razin was head of a powerful band of pirates and outlaws in southern Russia
    • led a rebellion that promised peasants liberation from noble landowners and officials
    • captured by the tsar's army in 1671 and publicly executed in Moscow

  • The Princess of Cléves published

    • Madame de Lafayette anonymously publishes

  • Turkish siege of Vienna broken

    • by Austrian Habsburgs

  • Edict of Nantes revoked

    • Louis XIV revokes toleration for French Protestants granted by the Edict of Nantes

  • Glorious Revolution

    • Parliament replaced England's monarch James II with his Protestant daughter, Mary, and her husband, Dutch ruler William of Orange
    • William and Mary agreed to a Bill of Rights that guarenteed rights to Parliament
    • called Glorious Revolution because it was achieved with so little bloodshed in England
  • Period: to

    Reign of William of Orange over England

    • Dutch ruler who with Protestant wife Mary ruled England after the Glorious Revolution of 1688

  • John Locke publishes two works

    • Two Treatises of Government
    • Essay Concerning Human Understanding