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Jan 10, 1517
Martin Luther publishes the 95 Thesis
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Period: Jan 1, 1519 to Jan 1, 1556
Reign of Charles V, Spain
Was the Grandson of King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella.
Carried the title of Holy Roman Emperor – making him the ruler of Spain and the Holy Roman Empire.
Was constantly at war with France, Protestants and Ottoman Empire.
Later became a monk. -
Period: Jul 25, 1554 to
Reign of Philip II of Spain
Ruled Spain, the Netherlands, Southern Italy and Americas.
Centralized power in Spain.
Absolute Monarch
Considered himself the Guardian of the Catholic Church
Was at war with the Netherlands and Ottomans
Created the Golden Century. -
Period: Jan 1, 1558 to
Elizabeth I Reign
Succeeded her half-sister, Mary Tudor. She denied Philip's marriage efforts, and promptly brought Protestantism back to England. Eventually she provided funds and troops to the Dutch Protest cause. She moved to solidy her personal power and the authority of the Anglican church. In long run, her greatest challenges cames from the Calvinist Puritans and Philip II. -
Jul 10, 1559
France, Henry II dies.
Dies in a jousting accident. -
Jan 1, 1563
39 Articles of Religion
Incorporated elements of Catholic ritual along with Calvinist doctrines. Puritan ministers angrily denounced the Church of Engliand's "popish attire and follish disguising.: -
Period: Jan 1, 1568 to Jan 1, 1570
Morisco Revolt
In the south Spain, the Moriscos (Muslim converts to Catholicism, but still loyal to Islam) had revoluted killing ninety priet and fifteen hundred Christians. Philip II of Spain, retaliated by forcing 50,000 to leave their villages and resettle in other regions. -
Jul 24, 1568
Mary, Queen of Scots, forced to abdicate the throne
Scottish Calvinists forced Mary to abdicate the throne of Scotland in favor of her one-year-old son James who was then raised as a Protestant and became Elizabeth's succeessor. -
Aug 24, 1572
St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre
Catholic mobs murdered three thousand Huguenots in Paris over the course of 3 days. -
Period: Nov 4, 1576 to Nov 15, 1576
The Spanish Fury
Philip's long-unpaid armies sacked Antwerp, Europe's wealthiest commerical city. The Spanish soldiers slaughtered 7,000 people. The Netherlands' seven Protestant northern provinces, led by Prince William of Orange, formally allied with ten Catholic southern provinces and drove out the Spaniards. -
Mary, Queen of Scots, beheaded
After her abdication, Mary spent nearly 20 years under house arrest in England, fomenting plots against Elziabeth. In 1587, a letter from Mary offering her succession rights to Philip II of SPain was discovered, Elizabeth had her beheaded. -
Spanish Armada
After Mary's beheading, Philip II sent his armada of 130 ships from Lisbon toward the english Channel. Thanks to a storm and their oversized boats of the Spanish, the SPanish were forced to flee around Scotland. -
Period: to
Reign of Henry IV of France
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Edict of Nantes
Issued by Henry IV of France, he granted the Huguenots a large measure of religious toleration. The 1.25 million Huguenots became a legally protected minority within an officially Catholic kingdom of some 20 million. Protestants were free to worship in specified towns and were allowed their own roops, fortresses, and even courts. -
Period: to
Reign of King James I of England
Quickly alienated Parliament
Alienated the Puritans when he defended the Anglican Church
Many of the Landed gentry had become Puritans.
Made up a large part of the House of Commons -
King James Bible
At Puritan urging, a new translation of the Bible, was authorized by King James I of England. -
The Gunpowder Plot
The attempt by Catholics to kill King James I and most of the Protestant aristocracy
Blew up the House of Lords during the state opening of Parliament.
Later becomes known and celebrated as Guy Fawkes Day. Guy Fawkes was the leader of the plot. -
Jamestown founded
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Archduke Ferdinand crowned king of Bohemia
The archduke was the heir to the Catholic Habsburg.The Austrian Habsburgs held not only the imperial crown of the HRE but also a collection of separately administered crowns (including Bohemia). Once corwned, Ferdinancd began to curtail the religious freedom previously granted to Protestants. The Czechs, the largest ethnic group in Bohemia responded with the defenestration of Prague and promptly establish a Protestant assembly to spearhead reistance. A year later, when Ferdinand was elected. -
Period: to
30 Years' War
A series of religious squirimishes that took place in central Europe between the Protestants, other Protestants, and the Catholics. -
Battle of White Mountain
A series of clashes when the imperial armies defeated the outmatted Czechs at the battle of White Moutain near Prague. White Mountain became an enduring symbol of the Czechs' desire for self-determination. -
Mayflower lands in Massachusetts
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Period: to
King Charles I of England
Believed in elaborate ceremonies and rituals.
Uniformity of church was imposed by a church court.
Anglican Book of Common Prayer
For both England and Scotland
Believed to be pro-Catholic by the Puritans
Constantly at war with Spain and France
Parliament would give financial funds from taxes to fund the wars
Periodically, Parliament would deny funds;
Charles would dissolve Parliament and rule England with them.
Was forced to sell aristocratic titles and positions in order to finance his wars -
The Edict of Restitution
Issued by Ferdinand, the Edict of Restitution outlawed Calvinism in the HRE and reclaimed Catholic church properties confiscated by Lutherans. -
Gustavus Adolphus marches to Germany
Swedish Gustavus Adolopus reacted to the jeopardy of the Protestant cause, marched into Germany, declarin ghis support for the Proestant cause, he also inteded to gain control over trade in northern Europe. Hoping to block Spanish intervention and win influence and territory in teh HRE, the French monarchy's chief minister, Cardinal Richelieu, offered to subsidize the Lutheran Gustavus. Gustavus defeated the imperial army and occupied the Catholic parts of southern Germany before he died. -
France declares war on Spain
Soon after forgin an allaiance with the Calvinist Dutch to aidi them in their ongoing struggle for official independence from Spain. Advised by his minister Richelieu, who held high rank of cardinal in the church, French king Louis XIII hoped to profit from the troubles of Spain in the Netherlands and from the conflicts b/w the Austrian emperor and his subects.. -
Portugual declares independence from Spain
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Richelieu and Lous XIII die
Succeeded by his 5 year old son, Louis XIV, France was ruled by the queen regent--the daughter of the SPanish king--with an Italian cardinal, Marzarin, providing advice, French politics once again moved into a period ofo instability, rumor, and crisis. -
Period: to
English Civil War
B/w the Royalists and the Parliamentarians.
Royalists: Belonged to the House of Lords
From North and West England
Mostly Aristocracy and landowners
Church officials
Mostly rural
Parliamentarians: Known as Roundheads
Mostly from the House of Commons
South and East England
Puritans, Merchants, townspeople and more urban -
Dutch Republic recognized by Spain
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Period: to
The Fronde
A series of revolts derived from teh French word for a child's slingshot, that posed a threat to teh French crown. -
The Peace of Westphalia
A diplomatic convgress convened to address interantional disputes, and those signing the threaties guaranteed the resulting settlement.
Winners: France and Sweden. F aquired parts of Alsace and replaced Spain as the prevailing power on the continent. Sweds took several northern territories from teh HRE.
Losers: Habsburgs. Forced to recognize Dutch independence. The Swiss and German princes demanded autonomy from the Austrian Habsburgs of the HRE.
Lutheranism: N, Calvinism: Rhine River, Cath: S -
Pride's Purge
Cromwell purges the House of Commons of moderates
The result of the Purge was the “Rump” Parliament
THE BEHEADING OF CHARLES I
The vote by the Rump Parliament was a vote of 68 - 67 -
Period: to
The Puritan Commonwealth
Cromwell ruled the Rump Parliament
Constitutional Republic
Created a constitution – Instrument of Government
Created a Council of State that was annually elected from the committee of Parliament
NO Monarch
Most of Europe does not recognize the new government -
Assembly of the Land
Convened by Tsar Alexei after he tried to extend state authority by imposing new administrative structures and taxes in 1648. Moscow and other cities erupted in bloody rioting. He convened the assembly to consult on a sweeping law code to organize Russian society in a strict social hierarchy that would last for nearly two centuries. The code of 1649 assinged all subjects to a hereditary class according to their current occupation or state needs. Creating a caste-like system -
Period: to
The Protectorate
Cromwell dissolved the “Rump” Parliament in 1653
Declares martial law
Establishes a Military dictator
Religious tolerance for all except for Catholics
Crushes a rebellion in Scotland
Crushes a rebellion among the Catholics of Ireland – killed 40% of all ethnic Irish. -
Period: to
Reign of HRE Leopold I
Like all the HREs since 1438, Leopold was an Austrian Habsburg while smultaneously duke of Upper and Lower Silesia, count of Tyrol, archduke of Upper and Lower Austria, king of Bohemia, Hungary and Croatia, and ruler of Styria and Moravia. In response to the weakening of the HRE (by the 30 years war), the emperor took control over recruiting, provisioning, and stategic planning and worked to replaced the mercenaries hired during the war with a permanent standing army that promoted disicipline. -
Monarchy Restored in England
Charles II:
Restored the theatres and reopened the pubs and brothels.Favored religious toleration
Had secret Catholic sympathies -
The Great Fire of London
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Period: to
War of Devolution
Enemies: Spain, Dutch Republic, England, Sweden
Ended by Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle in 1668, with France gaining towns in Spanish Netherlands (Flanders) -
Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle
Louis XIV gained control of a few towns on the border of the Spanish Netherlands. This ended the War of Devolution between France and Spain. -
Period: to
Dutch War (France)
Enemies: Dutch Republic, Spain, HRE
Ended by the Treaty of Nijmegen, which gave several twons in Spanish Netherlands and Franche-Comté in France -
England, Test Act
Parliament excluded all but Anglicans from civilian and military positions. Puritans were considered “radicals” and Catholics were seen as “traitors” -
Declaration of Indulgence
Declared by Charles II, he suspended all laws against Catholics and Protestant dissenters. Parliament refused to continue funding the Dutch war unless Charles rescinded his Declaration of Indulgence. -
England, Habeus Corpus Act
Any unjustly imprisoned persons could obtain a writ of habeas corpus compelling the government to explain why he had lost his liberty. -
Louis XIV moves the French Crown to Versailles
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Period: to
Reign of Peter the Great of Russia
Westernized Russia
Had 400 years of development to catch up with
Became an absolute monarch -
Period: to
King James II
Converts to Catholicism and does not have Charles II's ability to comprimise. Provokes the Glorious Revolution. Used power to suspend acts of Parliament. -
Period: to
Reign of King James II of England
A bigoted convert to Catholicism without any of Charles II’s ability to compromise
Alienated the Tories
Provoked the revolution that Charles II had avoided
Surrounded himeself with Catholics
Claimed the power to suspend or dispense with Acts of Parliament
Declaration of Liberty of Consccience
Extended religious toleration without Parliament’s approval -
Louis XIV revocates the Edict of Nantes
Closed Huguenots churches and schools, banned all their public activities and exiled those who refused to embrace the state religion. Many Huguenots responded by emigrating to England, Brandenburg-Prussia, the Dutch Republic and North America. -
Period: to
War of the League of Augsburg
Enemies: HRE, Sweden, Spain, England
Ended by Peace of Rijswijk, with Louis returning all his conquests made since 1678 except Strasbourg -
William and Mary come to the English throne
After James II's second wife, a Catholic, gave birth to a son, Parliament invited Dutch ruler, William, prince of Orange, and his wife, James's older daughter, Mary, to invade England. Mary was Protestant and willing to act with her husband against her father's pro-Catholic policies. James fled to France and hardly any blood shed. Parliament offered the throne to them on the condition that they accept the Bill of Rights. -
English Bill of Rights
Settled major issues b/w the king and Parliament. Served as a model for the US bill of rights. Formed a base for the steady extension of civil liberties in 18th and early 19th centruy England. -
Treaty of Karlowitz
The Ottoman Turks surrendered almost all of Hungary to the Austrians, marking the beginning of the decline of Ottoman power.
