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Grandsom of King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella
Supreme ruler of Spain and Holy Roman Empire
Constantly at war with France, Protestants, and Ottoman Empire
Later became a monk -
King Francis I of France stops tolerating Protestants
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Peace agreement French king FRancis I and HOly Roman Emperor Charles V
Broken in Habsburgs and the Valois -
- Settled dispute between Holy Roman Emperor Charles V and his Protestant princes
- Recognizes Lutheran church and establishes principle that all Catholic or Lutheran princes enjoyed the sole right to determine the religion of their lands and subjects
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-Duc de Guise's servants got into scuffle with Huguenots
- Guise faction had fired on the unarmed Huguenots, set the church on fire, and killed a number of the congregation -
-Provoked by the Massacre at Vassy in '62
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Source-Eyewitness description De Thou (1553-1617)
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Quickly alienated Parliament
Alientated the Puritans when he defended the Anglican Church -
-The attempt by Catholics to kill King James I and most of the Protestant aristocracy
-Blew up the House of Lords during the state opening of Parliament
-Becomes know and celebrated as Guy Fawkes Day -
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Source-Made it his life's task to explain the theory behind this absolutism by setting French law and social structure into the wider context of the law of nature and the law of God
-Louis XIV regarded Domat's work so highly that he assigned him a pension, and in effect the royal government sponsored his publications
-Wrote Necessity and the Origin of Government, The Duties of the Governed, and The Power, Rights, and Duties of Sovereigns -
Imposed uniformity of church for both England and Scotland by a church court
Believed to be pro-Catholic by the Puritans
Constantly at war with Spain and France -
In return for money to fund Charles I's wars, he agreed to: No imprisonment without due cause, no taxation without Parliament's consent, no putting soldiers in private homes, no marital law during peacetime
He signed and then ignored by dissolving Parliament -
Ferdinand of Spain outlawed Calvinism in the empire and reclaimed Catholic church properties confiscated by the Lutherans
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Joined war by declaring war on Spain
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-To aid them in their ongoing struggle for official independence from Spain
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-In session from 1640-1660
Triennial Act: Stated that Parliament must be called into session at least once every 3 years
-Charles I attempts to arrest 5 MPS and fails -
The Great Electr of Brandenburg-Prussia who brought his nation through the end of the Thirty Years' War and then succeeded in welding his scatterred lands into an absolutist state
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-1642 to 1649
- Between Royalists and Parliamentarians
- Royalists: belonged to the House of Lords, from North and West England, mostly aristocracy and landowners, church officials, mostly rural
-Parliamentarians: known as Roundheads, mostly from the House of Commons, South and East England, Puritans, Merchants, townspeople and more urban
- Oliver Cromwell was officer f the Parliamentary Army, and led the army that defeated royal forces and controlled the government -
Louis XIII laid foundation for French Absolutism. He reduced power of nobility, restricted local authorities, and created intendants (individuals given to government officials, especially administrators of state afairs)
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-To extend his power and emulate his western rivals, Tsar Alexei wanted a bigger army, exclusive control over state policy, and a greater say in religious matters
0By 1630s, army had increased in size from 35000 to 220000 -
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-A political/religious structure controlled by Cardinal Richelieu until Louis XIII comes to power
-Organized and controlled peasant class -
-Cromwell purges the House of Commons of moderates
-Result of Purge was the "Rump" Parliament
-Charles I was beheaded
-The vote by the Rump Parliament was a vote of 68-67 -
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- Settlement of Thirty Years' War
- Established enduring religious divisions in the Holy Roman EMpire by which Lutheranism would dominate the north, Calvinism in the area of the Rhine River, and Catholisism in the south
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-Against the king of Poland Lithuania
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(formally recognized by SPain)
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Ends his reign
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Part of the "Interregnum" period
-Cromwell ruled the Rump Parliament
-Constitutional Republic
-Created constitution - Instrument of Government
-Created a Council of State that was annually elected from the committee of Parliament
-No Monarch
-Most of Europe does not recognize the new government -
Assigns all to hereditary class
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-Immediate response to Tsar Alexei trying to extand state authority by imposing new administrative structures and taxes in 1648 where Moscow and other cities erupted in bloody rioting
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- Evaluates human beings in state of nature, does not favor divine right of kings and believed it would lead to anarchy
- Authoritarian
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Cromwell dissolved the Rump Parliament in 1653
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-Once important source of noble consultation
-Tsar Alexei brought end to assembly -
Source-Adopted by Cromwell
-England, Scotland, and Ireland, and the dominions thereunto belonging -
Part of the "Interregnum" period
-"Rump" Parliament already dissolved by Cromwell in 1653
-Declares martial law
-Establishes a Military dictator
-Religious tolerance for all except for Catholics
-Crushes a rebellion in Scotland
-Crushes a rebellion among the Catholics of Ireland - killed 40% of all ethnic Irish -
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-Filled with Royalists
-Disbanded the Puritan army and pardoned most Puritan rebels
-Restored the authority of the Church of England -
Institutes slave code
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-All clergy and church officials had to conformm to the Anglican Book of Common Prayer
-Forbade "non-conformists" to worship publicly, teach their faith, or attend English universities -
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First of Louis XIV's many wars
Enemies: SPain, Dutch Republic, England, Sweden -
- Head of a powerful band of pirates and outlaws in southern Russia who led a rebellion that promised liberation from "the traitors and bloodsuckers of the peasant communes" - the great nobel landowners, local governors, and Moscow courtiers
- Some peasants resisted enserment given to them in Serfdom and the Code of 1649
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Ended by Treaty of Aiz-la-Chapelle, with FRnace gaining towns inSpanish Netherlands (Flanders)
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Ends war of Devolution
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-Taken to Moscow and publicly dismembered
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-Louis XIV's war
-Enemies: Dutch Republic, Spain, Holy Roman Empire -
-Parliament excluded all but Anglicans from civilian and military positions
-Puritans were considered "radicals" and Catholics were seen as "traitors" -
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- Most famous letter writer of her time
- Noblewoman born in Paris
- Wrote about her experiences in court
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-Published annonymously
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-Ended by Treaty of Nijmegen (1678-1679), which gave several towns in Spanish Netherlands and Franche-Comte to France
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Ended Dutch War
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-Any unjustly imprisoned persons could obtain a writ of habeas corpus compelling the government to explain why he had lost his liberty.
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"One king, one law, one faith"
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-A bigoted convert to Catholocism without any of Charles II's ability to compromise
-Alientated the Tories
-Provoked the revolution that Charles II had avoided
-Surrounded himself with Catholics
-Claimed the power to suspend or dispense with Acts of Parliament
-Delcaration of Liberty of Conscience - extended religious toleration without PArliament's approval -
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-Louis XIV's war
-Enemies: Holy Roman Empire, Sweden, Spain, England -
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Parliament deposes JAmes II and invites his daughter, Mary, and her husband, WIlliam of Orange, to take the throne
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-Settled major issues between the King and Parliament
-Served as a model for the US Bill of Rights
-Formed a base for the steady expansion of civil liberties in the 18th and early 19th C in England -
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Ends War of the League of Augsburg
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Ended by Peace of Rijwijk, 1697, with Louis returning all his conquests made since 1678 except Strasbourg