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Period: Jan 1, 1500 to
Molly Absolutism and Global Exploration
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Jan 1, 1519
Hernán Cortés
Captures the Aztec Capital, Technochitlán (Present day Mexico City) -
Period: Jan 1, 1519 to Dec 31, 1556
Reign of Charles V
Spanish Kiing. Grandson of King Perdinand and Queen Isabella. Carried the title of Holy Roman Emperor, ruler of spain and the holy roman emperor. Constantly at war with France, protestants, and the Ottoman Empire. Later became a Monk. He was the Holy Roman Emperor and most powerful ruler in the sixteenth century Europe. This was who Martin Luther came to defend himself before in the Diet of Worms. -
Jan 1, 1525
German Peasants' War
1525 Luther’s anti clerical message struck home with peasants who paid taxes to both their lord and the Catholic church. Many joined in rebellion from southern and central Germany. They followed ex-priest Thomas Muntzer. Luther tried to mediate the rebellion by warning the rebels against mixing religion and social protest and by criticizing the princes for their brutality in response to the peasants. By the end of the year, though, more than 100,000 rebels had been killed. -
Period: Jan 1, 1527 to Dec 31, 1547
Reign of Henry VIII
England
The founder of the Church of England (or the Anglican Church). This was a completely political move because he wanted to divorce his wife, Catherine of Aragon, because she was beyond child-bearing years and he wanted a son. The Pope would not grant a dispensation, so he decided to break away from the RCC. He made himself head of church and state of the new church. -
Period: Jan 1, 1530 to
Jean Bodin
French Catholic lawyer he sought systematic secular answers to the disorder in the public. He compared the different forms of government and concluded there were three different types of sovereignty: Monarchy, Aristocracy and Democracy. -
Period: Jan 1, 1533 to
Michel de Montaigne
A french magistrate who resigned from his office during the Religious wars to write about the need for tolerance and open-mindedness. -
Oct 5, 1534
Jacques Cartier
French Explorer went on three expeditions to Canada in 1534, 1535, adn 1541. Looking for a route through North America, paved the way for French explorations in North America. -
Period: Jan 1, 1545 to Dec 31, 1563
Council of Trent
Condemns protestant beliefs and confirms Church Doctrine and sacraments. Estabished Church dogma for the next four centuries. Equal valididty og scripture, church tradition. Claimed salvation was founed by combined efforst ( Suffering on earth, faith, and works). Made all 7 sacraments valid and reaffirmed celibacy and purgatory. Approval of the Index of Forbidden Books. -
Period: Jan 1, 1553 to Dec 31, 1558
Reign of Mary Tudor
Nicknamed Bloody Mary due to her religious persecutions. Tried to re-impose Catholicism over England. Rescinded reformation legistlation. Overthrown by Elizabeth I and eventually beheaded -
Jan 1, 1555
Peace of Augsburg
Engs religious wars and recognizes Lutheran church in German states.Made lutheranism a legal religion in the Catholic Holy Roman Empire, but did not extend recognition to Calvinists. -
Jan 1, 1556
Revolt of the Netherlands
Calvinist revolt in the Netherlands. By the end of the 1660s 1/3 of the nobles had joined the Huguenots and could raise their own armies. The calvinists attacked Catholic Churches smashing stained-glass windows and statues of the Virgin Mary. -
Period: Jan 1, 1556 to
Empire of Philip II
Son of Charles V, who ruled Spain, Netherlands, Southern Italy, and the Americas, but his power was centralized in Spain. He was an absolute monarch who considered himself the Capital Guardian of the Catholic Church. He was at war with the Netherlands, and the Ottomans. Created the Golden Century. Under his rule Spain reached the height of its influence and power. Directed explorations all around the world. -
Jan 1, 1559
Treaty of Cateau- Cambrésis
Ends the wars between Habsburg and Valois rulers -
Period: Jan 1, 1562 to
French Wars of Religion
Primarily fought between French Catholics and Calvinists ( Huguenots) it was a series of wars that threatened to tear the French nations. The French Kings could not control the Religious conflict, these wars paved the war for wider international conflcits of Religion in the decades to come. -
Jan 1, 1569
Poland- Lithuania formed
Populus country during the 16th and 17th centuries that was ruled by a monarch. -
Jan 1, 1571
Battle of Lepanto
A site off the Greek coast where the allied Catholic forces of Spains King Philip II, Venice and the papacy defeated the Ottoman Turks in a sea battle. Victory gave the Christian powers control of Mediterranean. -
Jan 1, 1572
St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre
Act of violence between Catholics and Protestants, in response to Catherine de Médicis arranged marriage of Marguerite de Valois and Henry Navarre. Violence errupted and the growing dispute between the two groups lead to a bloodbath, settling nothing. -
Retreat of the Spanish Armada
English scattered the Spanish Armada by sending blazing fire ships into the middle. Armada was then forced to flee around Scotland. Half the ships had been lost and thousands dead. -
Period: to
Reign of Elizabth I
England
Inherited the throne after Mary Tudor, her half-sister. During her reign England was in a period of unrest with religion conflicts between Protestant and Catholic beliefs. Elizabeth slowly settled these conflicts in a compromise called the Elizabethan settlement. She created a firm protestant nation while keeping Catholic traditions. -
Period: to
Reign of Henry IV
He publicly embraced Catholicism and then drove out the Spanish. He made peace with Spain with the Edict of Nantes. He took the advice of politiques who urged him to give priority to the development of a durable state rather than the issues with the Protestant faith. He used court festivities and royal processions to rally subjects around him, he allowed rick merchants and lawyers to buy offices, and in exchange for an annual payment. "Nobility of the robe" -
Edict of Nantes
The degree issued by French king Henry IV that granted the Huguenots a large measure of religious toleration and political independence. They were free to worship in specific towns and were allowed their own troops, fortresses, and courts. -
Shakespeare's Hamlet
Most enduring and influential playwright of the time. Wrote three dozen plays and comedies as well as tragedies. Example of one of his most famous tragedy is Hamlet -
Period: to
James I
Elizabeth’s chosen successor James I came to throne as King of both Scotland and England
First stuart monarch of England. Believed and ruled in divine right and the power of an absolute monarch. Collected his own money by collecting taxes to pay for his funds that parliament wouldn’t give to him. -
Period: to
Louis XIII
France
ascended the throne in 1610 at the age of eight-and-a-half upon the assassination of his father, Henry IV. His mother, Marie de' Medici, managed the kingdom for him until he turned 13. Mismanagement of the kingdom and ceaseless political intrigues by Marie de' Medici and her Italian favourites led the young king to truly take power in 1617 by exiling his mother and executing her followers -
The Defenestration of Prague
Protestants wanted to build new churches, and the Catholic Emperor wanted to stop them. Two catholic officials tried to dissolve the Protestant meetings. Angry Protestants then attacked the two catholic officials and threw them out the window. -
Period: to
30 Years' War
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Period: to
Reign of Ferdinand II
During his reign he wanted to suppress the Protestants and have the power over the Royal nobles. Chosen to be the Holy Roman Emperor. Reign during the Religious wars/ Thirty Years’ war. -
Grotius, The Laws of War and Peace
Hugo Grotius furthered secular thinking by attempting to systematize the notion of the natural law. He believed that natural law stood beyond the reach of either secular or divine authority. Such beliefs got him into trouble with Protestants and Catholics with his work of the Laws of War and Peace. -
Period: to
Reign of Charles I
When he came to power, he faced an increasingly aggressive Parliament that resisted new taxes and resented his efforts to extend his personal control over them. Religious tensions brought conflicts over the king’s authority to a head. Parliament began making decisions without his authority to try to curb his power, and he finally resisted and invaded in 1642- trying unsuccessfully to arrest those leaders. Soon, Charles withdrew from the city and organized an army, and a civil war began between t -
Galileo forced to recant
One of his views was that the earth was apart of a moving larger system as one of the planets revolving around the sun, not as a fixed planet. He published his works in Italian rather than Latin. His discoveries challenged the biblical view, the Catholic church did not agree with this and forbade Galileo to teach these views. He was then asked to recant his views, and from then on he lived under house arrest. -
Period: to
Reign of Frederick William of Hohenzollern
“The Great Elector of Brandenburg-Prussia” (where modern-day Germany is). He was a Calvinist ruler who brought his nation through the end of the Thirty Year’s War and then succeeded in welding his scattered lands into an absolutist state -
European colonization of the Americas
The Europeans first established themselves in the coastal areas. The English, French, and Dutch set up most of their colonies in the Caribbean and North America because the Spanish and Portuguese had already colonized the easily accessible regions in South America. In 1640, vast inland areas still remained unexplored and uncolonized. -
Period: to
English Civil War
Between Charles I and Parliament. King had been ignoring Parliament acts and supporting Catholicism. When Parliament met, they decided to revolt and formed its own army and fought against the King’s Cavaliers. Parliament won the war with the help of Oliver Cromwell. -
Period: to
Louis XIV
French King, brought absolute monarchy to its height and fought most other european countries in four wars. Viewd as the best example of absolutism in the 17th century. Built up Europe's largest army and took out every hint of religious or political opposition. -
Period: to
Louis XIV
France -
Peace of Westphalia
Settlement of the Thirty Year’ war. Established religious division in the Holy Roman Empire, lutheranism would dominate in the north, Calvinism in the area of the Rhine River, and Catholicism in the South. -
Beheading of Charles I
Execution of Charles I of England
1649 A high court tried Charles I and found him guilty of attempting to establish “an unlimited and tyrannical power” and pronounced a death sentence. On January 30, 1649, he was beheaded before an enormous crowd. While many objected to his autocratic rule, few people actually wanted him killed. For royalists, Charles immediately became a martyr. -
Serfdom and the Code of 1649
(Russia) Tsar Alexei enacted the code which assigned all subjects to a hereditary class according to their current occupation or state needs. Slaves and free peasants were merged into a serf class. As serfs, they could not change occupations or move- they were tightly tie to the soil and to their noble masters. To prevent tax evasion, the code also forbade townspeople to move from the community where they resided. Serfs became property of their lord who could sell them like horses or land. -
Period: to
Oliver Cromwell
England
After Charles death, the Rump Parliament abolished the monarchy and the House of Lords (the upper house of Parliament) and set up a Puritan republic with Cromwell as chairman of the Council of State. Though some accused him of wanting to be king, few challenged his leadership. Under him, Catholics could not worship publicly and Anglicans could not use the Book of Common Prayer. His rule laid the foundation for a Great Britain made up of England, Ireland, and Scotland. -
Period: to
Holy Roman Emperor Leopold I
Spain
his reign is known for the conflicts with the Ottoman Empire in the east, and the rivalry with Louis XIV, a contemporary and first cousin, in the west. Leopold fought three wars against France - the Dutch War, the Nine Years' War, and the War of the Spanish Succession. -
Monarchy Restored in England
English monarchy was restored when the English, Scottish and Irish Monarchies were all restored under Charles II. New political settlement was establish. -
Period: to
Charles II
England. The son of Charles I, he was invited by a new Anglican Parliament to return from exile after the death of Cromwell. With his coming to power, the traditional monarchical form of government was reinstated, restoring him to full partnership with Parliament. He wanted to extend religious tolerance, especially to Catholics. in 1670, he made a secret agreement with Louis XIV to promise to announce his conversion to Catholicism in exchange for money for a war against the Dutch. -
Barbados institutes slave code
Slave code that stripped all Africans of rights under English law, slavery became codified as an inherited status that applied only to blacks. -
Great fire of London
During the reign of Charles II, the plague and the Great Fire of London swept the city which marred the early years of his reign. The fire lasted 3 days and many attributed it to God’s punishment for the upheavals of the 1640s and 1650s -
Period: to
War of Devolution
Enemies: Spain, Dutch Republic, England, and sweden. Ended by Treaty of Aix-Chapelle in 1668, with France gaining towns in Spanish Netherlands -
Period: to
Peter the Great
Russia
Tried to westernize his lands. Russians did not want that, so he had centralized the power. He pushed on social and economic reforms. Warm port in order to trade all year long. Nearest one was in the black sea and controlled by the Ottoman Empire. Tried to invade the Ottomans, but they were too strong for his troops. He began a long war against sweden. Built St. Petersburg on land they won against Sweden. -
Period: to
Dutch War
Took place during the reign of Louis XIV. His enemies were Spain, the Dutch Republic, England, and Sweden. The Dutch stood in the way of his acquisition of more territory in the Spanish Netherlands. He declared war on Spain in 1673, and the Dutch had allied themselves with their former Spanish masters to hold off the French, but France was still very strong on their own. The war ended by the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle in 1668 with France gaining towns in Spanish Netherlands (Flanders). -
Austrian Habsburgs break Turkish siege of Vienna
Turks pushed all the way to the gates of Vienna and laid siege to the Austrian Capital. -
Louis XIV revokes the Edict of Nantes
He revoked this Edict made by his grandfather and closed their churches and schools, banned all their public activities, and exiled those who refused to embrace the state religion. -
Period: to
James II
England.
The successor to Charles II who pursued even more aggressive pro-Catholic policies, bringing even more dissent. In response, Parliament deposed him and installed his Protestant daughter, Mary, and her Dutch husband, William as joint monarchs. -
The Glorious Revolution
This marked as the final triumph of constitutionalism over absolutism in England. It was finalized when William and Mary signed the Bill of Rights proposed by Parliament in 1689. With it, they agreed to not raise a standing army or levy taxes without Parliament’s consent, to call meetings with Parliament at least once every 3 years, to guarantee free elections to parliamentary seats, to abide by Parliament’s decisions, and not suspend duly passed laws. -
Period: to
War of the League of Augsburg
Also took place during the reign of Louis XIV. His mind was fading and he was extremely power hungry and continued to push eatward attacking and seizing cities. His enemies were the Dutch Republic, Spain, and the Holy Roman Empire. This ended with the Treaty of Nijmegan (1678-1679), which gave several towns in Spanish Netherlands and Franche-Comté to France -
Period: to
Reign of William and Mary of Orange
Mary, James II oldest daughter, was raised Protestant and had no problem acting with her husband against her father’s pro-Catholic policies. When James fled to France, William and Mary were jointly offered the throne on the condition that they accent a bill of rights guaranteeing Parliament’s full partnership in a constitutional government (The Glorious Revolution).
