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Martin Luther writes up the 95 theses of what he believes needs to be reformed. Starts the reformation in Europe.
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Was the Grandson of King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella.
Carried the title of Holy Roman Emperor – making him the ruler of Spain and the Holy Roman Empire.
Was constantly at war with France, Protestants and Ottoman Empire.
Later became a monk. -
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The treaty was between Charles V and the forces of the Schmalkaldic League, an alliance of Lutheran princes, on September 25, 1555, at the imperial city of Augsburg. It officially ended the religious struggle between the two groups and made the legal division of Christendom permanent within the Holy Roman Empire.
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King of the Spaniards (1556–98) and king of the Portuguese (as Philip I, 1580–98), champion of the Roman Catholic Counter-Reformation.
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The French Wars of Religion (1562–98) is the name of a period of civil infighting and military operations, primarily fought between French Catholics and Protestants (Huguenots). The conflict involved the factional disputes between the aristocratic houses of France, such as the House of Bourbon and House of Guise (Lorraine), and both sides received assistance from foreign sources.
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Published under Elizabeth's reign in England and incorporated elements of Catholic ritual along with Calvinist beliefs.
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The Eighty Years' War, or Dutch War of Independence began as a revolt of the Seventeen Provinces against Philip II of Spain, the sovereign of the Habsburg Netherlands.
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The Battle of Lepanto took place when a fleet of the Holy League, a coalition of southern European Catholic maritime states, decisively defeated the main fleet of the Ottoman Empire in five hours of fighting on the northern edge of the Gulf of Corinth, off western Greece. The Ottoman forces sailing westwards from their naval station in Lepanto met the Holy League forces, which had come from Messina.
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The St. Bartholomew's Day massacre was a targeted group of assassinations, followed by a wave of Roman Catholic mob violence, both directed against the Huguenots, during the French Wars of Religion. Traditionally believed to have been instigated by Catherine de' Medici, the mother of King Charles IX, the massacre took place four days after the wedding of the king's sister Margaret to the Protestant Henry III of Navarre.
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stepped in when his brother Charles IX died and became king of France - making the division in France even more dangerous
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The Spanish Armada sailed to England having the intention to overthrow Elizabeth I of England and putting an end to her involvement in the Spanish Netherlands. The Aramada reached and anchored outside of Gravelines but while awaiting to hear from the Duke of Parma, the armada was driven out by the English fire ship attack.
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This made the Dutch Republic one of Europe's chief intellectual nd scientific centeres in the 17th and 18th century.
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The edict was issued by Henry IV of France, and granted the Calvinist Protestants of France (also known as Huguenots) substantial rights in a nation still considered essentially Catholic.
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The attempt by Catholics to kill King James I and most of the Protestant aristocracy
Blew up the House of Lords during the state opening of Parliament.
Later becomes known and celebrated as Guy Fawkes Day -
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The Thirty Years' War was a series of wars principally fought in Central Europe, involving most of the countries of Europe. It was one of the longest and most destructive conflicts in European history, and one of the longest continuous wars in modern history.
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In return form money to fund his wars, Charles I agreed to:
No Imprisonment without due cause
No taxation without Parliament’s consent
No putting soldiers in private homes
No martial law during peacetime
He signed and then ignored by dissolving Parliament. In return form money to fund his wars, Charles I agreed to:
No Imprisonment without due cause
No taxation without Parliament’s consent
No putting soldiers in private homes
No martial law during peacetime
He signed and then ignored -
A belated attempt by Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor to impose and restore the religious and territorial situations reached in the Peace of Augsburg
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the army of Swedish King Gustavus Adolphus had been besieged by Albrecht von Wallenstein at Nürnberg. The successes of Gustavus Adolphus over General Tilly forced Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand II to recall Albrecht von Wallenstein into military service from retirement
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Triennial Act: Stated that Parliament must be called into session at least once every 3 years
Charles I attempts to arrest 5 MPS and fails -
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The Peace of Westphalia was a series of peace treaties signed between May and October 1648 in Osnabrück and Münster. These treaties ended the Thirty Years' War in the Holy Roman Empire, and the Eighty Years' War between Spain and the Dutch Republic, with Spain formally recognizing the independence of the Dutch Republic.
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Cromwell purges the House of Commons of moderates
The result of the Purge was the “Rump” Parliament
THE BEHEADING OF CHARLES I
The vote by the Rump Parliament was a vote of 68 - 67 -
Cromwell ruled the Rump Parliament
Constitutional Republic
Created a constitution – Instrument of Government
Created a Council of State that was annually elected from the committee of Parliament
NO Monarch
Most of Europe does not recognize the new government -
Cromwell dissolved the “Rump” Parliament in 1653
Declares martial law
Establishes a Military dictator
Religious tolerance for all except for Catholics
Crushes a rebellion in Scotland
Crushes a rebellion among the Catholics of Ireland – killed 40% of all ethnic Irish. -
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A bigoted convert to Catholicism without any of Charles II’s ability to compromise
Alienated the Tories
Provoked the revolution that Charles II had avoided
Surrounded himeself with Catholics
Claimed the power to suspend or dispense with Acts of Parliament
Declaration of Liberty of Consccience
Extended religious toleration without Parliament’s approval -
The Glorious Revolution was the overthrow of King James II of England by a union of English Parliamentarians with the Dutch stadtholder William III of Orange-Nassau.
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Settled major issues between the King and Parliament
Served as a model for the U.S. Bill of Rights
Formed a base for the steady expansion of civil liberties in the 18th and early 19th C in England -
The Salem witch trials were a series of hearings and prosecutions of people accused of witchcraft in colonial Massachusetts
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