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Period: Jan 1, 1500 to
Absolutism and Global Views
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Oct 6, 1509
In Praise of Folly is written (Dutch)
A Dutch humanist, Desiderius Erasmus, writes In Praise of Folly. He is a devout Catholic who has been bothered by what he calls absurd superstitions of most of the Christians of his day. He favors the translation of the Bible from Latin to local languages so that the masses can read it, and he believes that common people have the capacity to understand Christianity as well as do priests. -
Jan 7, 1511
Hernando Cortés conquered Cuba (Spain)
Hernando Cortés conquered Cuba where he assisted Diego Velázquez in his conquest of the island and made his reputation for courage and daring. -
Apr 13, 1512
First Spaniards settled in America (Spain)
The first Spaniards settled on the American mainland did so in Panama. -
Oct 6, 1512
Fight over the throne (Ottoman Empire)
Three sons of the aged Ottoman Sultan Bayezid II are fighting for his throne. Janissaries are a power behind the throne and choose the most warlike of the three: Selim. He eliminates all potential future successor claimants except his favorite son. -
Oct 6, 1514
Sultan, Selim, defeats the Shah of Iran (Ottoman Empire)
The Ottoman sultan, Selim – a Sunni – defeats the Shah of Iran, Isma'il. Isma'il – a Shia – has been accustomed to victory, and he and his Safavid followers believed that Allah was on their side. They are bewildered by their defeat. Isma'il finds relief from depression in wine. Selim annexes Diyarbekir and Kurdistan. -
Oct 6, 1517
Selim appoints a viceroy to rule Egypt as pasha (Ottoman Empire)
The Ottoman sultan, Selim, with superior weaponry, routes the Mamluks. It is the end of Egypt's Mamluk sultans. The last of them is hanged. Selim appoints a viceroy to rule Egypt as pasha. Egypt will now acknowledge Ottoman suzerainty and pay annual tribute to the Ottoman sultan. -
Period: Oct 6, 1519 to Oct 6, 1556
Charles V ruled Spain (Spain)
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Oct 6, 1520
Sweden free from Danish kings (Sweden)
Sweden is free from the rule of Danish kings -
Oct 6, 1521
Spanish conquered Mexico (Spain)
With the help of Native American allies they conquered Mexico and called Mexico "New Spain" -
Oct 6, 1521
Selim dies and his son succeds him (Ottoman Empire)
The Ottomans continue to expand. Their sultan, Selim, has died and his son Suleiman (Sulayman) succeeds him and captures Belgrade -
Oct 6, 1526
Printing Press introduced in Sweden (Sweden)
The printing press is introduced in Stockholm, Sweden. -
Oct 6, 1530
Francisco Pizarro conquered the Inca empire (Spain)
With a mere 180 men, Francisco Pizarro conquered the Inca empire of Peru in the -
Oct 6, 1540
Spanish conquer Mayans (Spain)
the Spanish forces conquered the Mayan -
Oct 6, 1545
Attacks to the Catholic Clergy (France)
In France, attacks to the Catholic clergy have occurred. Troops are sent against the Protestant heresy in a cluster of towns. About twenty towns are destroyed and about 3,000 Protestant men, women and children are killed. -
Oct 6, 1550
Spain dominates the Caribbean (Spain)
Spain dominated the lands and peoples around the Caribbean and deep into both North and South America -
Oct 6, 1551
The works of Martin Luther and John Calvin are prohibited (France)
In France, the works of Martin Luther, John Calvin and others considered heretics are prohibited. In the cites of Paris, Toulouse, Grenoble, Rouen, Bordeaux and Agners, various heretics and those selling forbidden books have been burned at the stake. Another massacre of Protestants occurs. More than 3,000 Protestants are to be reported as having been killed and 763 houses, 89 stables and 31 warehouses destroyed. -
Oct 6, 1552
publication of "Short Account of the Destruction of the West Indies" (Spain)
a book about the conquistadors' abuse was published by Bartolomé de las Casas. It was called a Short Account of the Destruction of the West Indies. -
Period: Oct 6, 1556 to
Philip II ruled Spain (Spain)
Charles V son, Philip II, ruled Spain -
Oct 6, 1566
Suleiman becomes the new Ottoman sultan (Ottoman Empire)
Selim II, son of Suleiman, becomes the new Ottoman sultan. He is untrained in government or military affairs, unlike his two older brothers, both of whom betrayed Suleiman. Selim II is the beginning of disinterested sultans. He is devoted to the pleasures of the harem and alcohol. -
Oct 6, 1568
Protestant's revolt (Netherlands)
Protestants in the Netherlands, led by Prince William of Orange, revolt against rule by the Catholic monarch, Philip II. The Eighty Years' War begins. -
Oct 6, 1571
Tatars burn outskirts of Moscow (Russia)
Tatars sack and burn the outskirts of Moscow. The Russians drive them back. -
Aug 24, 1572
3,000 Protestants massacred ( France)
On August 24, St. Bartholmew's Day, about 3,000 Protestants in Paris are massacred. Across France within three days approximately 20,000 Huguenots are executed. Catholics across Europe rejoice and Protestants mourn and express anger. -
Oct 6, 1581
Provinces renounce their allegiance to Philip II (Netherlands)
Seven northern provinces of the Netherlands, including Holland, renounce their allegiance to Philip II. They form the United Provinces of the Netherlands. The Eighty Years' War continues. -
The Spanish Armada (Spain)
o Wanted to seize control of the English Channel and permit an invasion by Spanish troops posted in the Netherlandso Consisted of 130 warships carrying 2,431 cannon and 22,000 sailors and soldierso The smaller English ships were faster and more mobileo This win emboldened the English to escalte their maritime predator activities -
first microscope (Netherlands)
Mechanical inventions are on their way to advancing science. A spectacles maker in the Netherlands, experimenting with several lenses in a tube, discovers that nearby objects appear greatly enlarged. The modern microscope is born. -
Protestant Bourbon King of Navarre converts to Catholicism
The Protestant Bourbon King of Navarre, Henry, has converted to Catholicism in order to extend his power to Paris. He is crowned King Henry IV, France's first Bourbon monarch. -
Capuches destroyed the Spanish army of Chile (Spain)
the Spanish Empire suffered one of its greatest setbacks in the Americas when native Capuches destroyed the Spanish army of Chile. -
Dutch defeat the Prtuguese in naval battle (Dutch)
Dutch defeat the Portuguese in a naval battle in the Indonesian Archipelago (the Spice Islands). -
Dutch East India Company becomes a monopoly (Dutch)
The Dutch government (United Netherlands) grants the Dutch East India Company a monopoly to pursue trade in Asia. -
Period: to
o James I ruled England (England)
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Period: to
o Charles I ruled England (England)
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"discovery" of Australia (Dutch)
The Dutch "discover" northern Australia – at what today is called Cape York Peninsula. -
Dutch defeat a Spanish fleet at Gibraltar
The Dutch defeat a Spanish fleet at Gibraltar. -
Trading with Indians (France)
Frenchmen interested in trading with the Indians and in animal furs build a settlement at Quebec. Only 8 of the 28 settlers are to survive the first winter. More settlers are to arrive in the spring. -
Dutch establish trading outpost (Dutch)
The Dutch have ended Portugal's domination of the Indian Ocean, and they establish a trading outpost on the western coast of India. -
Period: to
Louis XIII ruled France (France)
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Dutch East India Company conquer the city of Jayakarta (Dutch)
Forces of the Dutch East India Company conquer the city of Jayakarta and rename it Batavia (Latin for the Netherlands). They make it their capital in the Spice Islands. Also this year, the Dutch East India Company and the Britain's East India Company agree to cease all fighting, to return each other's captured ships and prisoners and to create a joint fleet (one-third English, two-thirds Dutch) to expel Spain and Portugal from the Spice Islands, China, the Philippines, and the Malay Peninsula. -
Dutch establish fur trading post in Albany New York (Dutch)
The Dutch establish a fur trading post, Fort Orange, at what today is Albany, New York. -
French establish an outpost on Madagascar (France)
The French establish an outpost on Madagascar. -
Sweden joins the Thirty Year's War
Fearing Habsburg power along the Baltic Sea, Sweden joins the Thirty Year's War. The Swedes invade northern Germany and are not welcomed there by fellow Lutherans. -
Spain invades France (Spain)
Spain invaded France and pushed as far as Corbie but they had to pull out because of another near crown bankruptcy. -
France enters the Thirty Year's War (France)
France, a largely Catholic country but allied with the Dutch and the Swedes, enters the Thirty Years' War against Spain and the Holy Roman Empire. -
Period: to
Louis XIV ruled France (France)
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Dutch armada attack Portuguese (Dutch)
An armada of 21 Dutch ships appears off the coast of Angola. The Dutch capture Luanda and Benguela. The Portuguese retreat inland where they resist assaults by the Dutch and by Jaga tribesmen. -
Civil War (England)
King Charles I, King of England, Scotland and Ireland, son of King James, has been ruling since 1625 and is considered too friendly towards Catholicism. He is in conflict with his Calvinist and Puritan subjects and with Parliament. Civil war has erupted. On one side is the king and his army, on the other is Parliament and its army. -
French establish outpost at the mouth of Africa (France)
The French establish an outpost at the mouth of Africa's Senegal River, where they trade for gum and for slaves. -
King Charles I and his army are defeated (England)
o In Britain, King Charles I and his army have been defeated. Charles is beheaded. England is a republic, a commonwealth without a House of Lords and run by the victors of the civil war – parliament. Parliament sends the Puritan Oliver Cromwell to Ireland to subdue rebellious Catholics. He massacres the populations of Drogheda and Wexford. -
"Leviathan" by Thomas Hobbes (England)
In Leviathan, the English philosopher Thomas Hobbes, who dislikes democracy and the passions of the mob, favors a commonwealth, a social contract, with people delegating their powers to a central authority and submitting to that authority. -
Patriach of the Russian Orthodox Church desires changes (Russia)
Nikita Nikon, Patriarch of the Russian Orthodox Church, wishes to return to the purity of previous times. He wants people to cross themselves with three fingers rather than two and creates a great disturbance among the faithful. -
War begins between Englsih adn Dutch (Dutch)
A war begins between the English and Dutch, inspired by commercial competition. -
Russia declares war on Poland
Russia has declared war on Poland and captures the cities of Minsk and Vilna. -
Ottoman historian Haji Khalifa dies (Ottoman Epmire)
Ottoman historian Haji Khalifa dies. He saw Ottoman society as sick because of corruption, high taxation and oppression of the masses. -
England's parliament restores the monarcy
England's parliament restores the monarchy to the eldest son of Charles I, Charles II, who arrives from France three weeks later amid great celebration. -
Period: to
First Anglo - Dutch War (Dutch)
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War between English and Dutch (England)
Another war between the English and Dutch has begun. English soldiers seize the town of New Amsterdam and rename it New York after the king's brother, the Duke of York. -
London is evacuated (England)
Two-thirds of London is evacuated to avoid the Black Plague, but nearly 70,000 die of the disease in one week. -
Period: to
Second Anglo - Dutch War 9Dutch)
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London Destroyed by Fires (England)
It is an era of big city fires. London is a city of mostly thatched roofs or timber and pitch. Much of London burns. Seeing a possible connection between the fire and God's displeasure, authorities begin an official investigation into atheism in London, and the English philosopher, Thomas Hobbes, burns some of his writings to hide evidence that could be used against him. The city is to be rebuilt with brick and stone and institutionalized fire fighting developed. -
Blood Transfusions (England)
In England and in France this year there are separate reports of successful transfusions of blood from lambs to humans. There will be failures to keep a patient alive, and within ten years transfusions will be prohibited by law in both countries. -
War between Russia and Poland ends (Russia)
The war between Russia and Poland ends, with Russia possessing most of Ukraine. -
French establish their first factory in India (France)
The French establish their first factory in India, at Surat. -
Another war between England and the Dutch (England)
Charles II joins Louis XIV of France in another war against the Dutch. -
Period: to
Third Anglo - Dutch War (Dutch)
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Negotiation settlement between English and Dutch (England)
The economic burdens of the war and rising opposition to the war by Protestants and Parliament results in Charles II agreeing to a negotiated settlement with the Dutch. -
French build fort on the island of Goree (France)
The French build a fort on the island of Goree, a little more than a hundred miles to the south of the mouth of the Senegal River. -
Habeas Corpus Act (England)
Responding to public pressure, England's parliament passes the Habeas Corpus Act, against abusive detentions and detentions without legal authority. -
Mississippi River is claimed for France (France)
Robert Cavalier LaSalle claims the Mississippi River valley for France. -
Period: to
o Peter the Great rules Russia (Russia)
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Ottoman army penetrates the outer fortifications of Vienna
The Ottoman Empire is trying to resume its conquests of centuries before. An Ottoman army penetrates the outer fortifications of Vienna – during what is to be known as the Second Siege of Vienna. An army of 70,000 Habsburg and Polish troops are on their way to rescue the city. -
Period: to
o King James II ruled England (England)
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Austrians push Ottoman Empire from Hungary (Ottoman Empire)
The Ottomans are falling back. The Austrians push them from Hungary and the city of Budapest. -
Rebellion against King James II (England)
Hostility to Catholicism and to King James II results in a rebellion against his rule. Parliament has invited a European royal, William of Orange, to rule. William lands with an army and defeats the army of James II – whose overthrow is called the Glorious Revolution. -
Bill of Rights (England)
Parliament creates a Bill of Rights and the Toleration Act. Freedom of speech is guaranteed. People have the right to petition government. They are to be free from cruel and unusual punishments. They are not to be compelled to become members of the Church of England. -
Ideas of John Locke emerge (England)
The philosopher John Locke returns to England from Holland. He gives conscious ideology to Whig liberalism. He rejects church authority in matters of philosophy and science. He has advocated that churches be voluntary societies rather than appendages of higher authority associated with the state, as has been the Anglican Church. He rejects political power derived from the authority of God, as in rule by divine right of the old monarchies. He is afraid of the passions of the masses and advocate -
French defeate Spanish at Fleurus (Spain)
French forces led by the Duke of Luxembourg defeated the Spanish at Fleurus. This was revealed to Europe how vulnerable and backward the Spanish defenses and bureaucracy were. -
French blow up English fort (France)
In Africa, the French blow up the English fort on the Gambia River. -
Peter the Great become Russia's sole tsar (Russia)
Peter the Great's brother, Ivan, dies. At the age of 24, Peter becomes Russia's sole tsar. -
Russian navy takes on Ottomans (Russia)
Peter has been building Russia's naval strength is ready to take on the Ottomans. He drives them out of Azov. And that year the Austrians defeat the Ottomans at Zenta, about 100 hundred miles southwest of Budapest. -
Ottomans sign the Treaty of Karlowitz (Ottoman Empire)
Under diplomatic pressure from the Dutch, British and Venetians, the Ottomans sign the Treaty of Karlowitz – a dictated treaty. Hungary and Transylvania are ceded to Austria. Podolia, occupied by the Ottomans in 1672, is returned to Poland. The Ottomans give up Morea (the Peloponnesian Peninsula) and most of Dalmatia.