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Imam Ali is killed bringing an end to the rule of the four calpihs (Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman, and Ali.) The Umayyad Rule Begins.
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He introduced the hereditary succession. His son became the ruler after him.
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Expanded the empire westward to Morocco and Spain, and eastward to Transoxiana and Sind.
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He reached the limit of expansion.
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The Franks stop the european expansion of Islam. The great battle was led by Charles Martel. They say that if the Franks didnt win, the Umayyads would have probably conquered all of Europe.
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The mawali’s started joining he Hāshimiyyah, a religio-political sect that denied the legitimacy of Umayyad rule. The mawali's were a tool for the Abassids to over throw the Umayyads.
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The whole royal family was killed except for one person. Abd al-Raḥmān, escaped and established himself as a Muslim ruler in Spain (756), founding the dynasty of the Umayyads in Córdoba.
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Marwan II the last Caliph was killed in battle.
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He was the ruler for that amount of time. He order the assasination of Hussein because he thought that he could be a threat.
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Arabic became the states official language and the Greek and Persians were no longer officials. They were all replaced by the Arabic. The development of new coinage that replaced the old byzantine coins.
