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Mu’awiya begins the Umayyad Caliphate and moves the capital to Damascus.
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Muslim Conquest of the Maghreb, Northwest Africa; Second Invasion
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Mu’awiya dies and his son Yazid becomes the caliph. Yazid kills Ali’s son, Husayn ibn Ali, when he opposes Yazid’s rule
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Yazid I lays siege to Mecca, but eventually dies causing the siege’s end
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Marwan I becomes the fourth caliph
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Marwan I dies; Abd al-Malik becomes fifth caliph and he makes Arabic the official language
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Muslim Conquest of the Maghreb, Northwest Africa; Second Invasion
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Muslim invasion of spain, under command of Tariq ibn Ziyad
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Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik became the tenth caliph, inheriting it from his brother Yazid II
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Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik dies, and Walid II becomes the eleventh caliph
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Walid II is assassinated, but Yazid III becomes the twelfth caliph
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Umayyad caliphate meets its end when the Abbasids form a rebellion, kill the royal family, and As-Saffah becomes the first Abbasid Caliph