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History assignment
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Role of church in mid to late 19th century
-Church influence was rising
-In charge of education, charities, orphanages, shelters.
-Catholics and Protestants seperated. -
Political parties
Liberal-Conservatives led by John A. Macdonald(West) and Georges-Etienne Cartier(East) Canada East:
Parti Rouge led by Dorion (Focused on French) Canada West:
Clear Grits led by Brown(Wanted to expand the prov. Wanted the governor and legis. council to be elected, also wanted proportional representation…number on reps relative to pop.) -
Reasons for uniting the colonies
The political parties had such different ideas of how to run the country that uniting the colonies and splitting up into provinces would help eliminate these tensions. Also, the canadians feared an American take over and the colonies were not well guarded. Also, canadiens economy was not propering since the Treaty of Reciprocity ended with the US. There was alot of debt. -
Conferences
Charlottetown conference: Leaders of Canada East, Canada West, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island meet to and agree to consider a merger of colonies. Quebec conference: Same leaders + Newfoundland wrote conditions that would make the merger possible: the 72 resolutions.PEI and Newfoundland withdrew and Dorion's party opposed by Confederation passed anyways. -
London Conference
In 1867 the four colonies involved meet in London to pass the merger. The British North American Act is passed in March and comes into existence in July to form the Dominion of Canada (NS, NB, ON, QC) -
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Advancements
-Colleges to enhance agricultural knowledge
-Quebec moves from wheat to dairy
-New railways: Grand Trunk, Intercolonial, Canadian Pacific -
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First phase of industrialisation
-Skilled craftsmen using time consuming methods (first assembly lines)
-Quebec population increasing but people are leaving because the farms are overcrowded.
-People moving to urban areas
-Better jobs and opportunity in USA
-Population in cities rising but the living and working conditions are terrible
-Women had hard lives because they had no political power, had worst jobs and were paid less. -
National Policy
John A McDonald formed a plan to promote the merger of colonies in 3 steps: 1- Increase immigration
2- Increase customs taxes
3- Expande railroad -
Imperialism, Nationalism
-imperialists are canadians who still have a sense of belonging to their empire (Britain) rather than to their country Canada
-Nationalists are canadians who have a stronger sense of belonging to their country (Canada). -
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Second phase of Industrialisation
-Many factories opened (funded by USA and Great Britain)
-New ragions (Abitibi, Laac St Jean) are linked by railroad because they were rich in natural ressources, and the Second phase is characterized by those ressources (minerals, pulp, paper)
-Working conditions are still terrible
-Trade Unions were abundant even though they were opposed by employers.
-Women still had worse lives -
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WWI
-Canada is a colony of Great Britain, so as soon as GB went to war, Canada had to.
-Since men went to war, women took over in factories and industries.
-Most english didnt mind going to war, but the french (obviously) had a problem with it since they felt it wasnt their war to fight.
-In 1917, the Conscription Crises happened: if you qualified under certain prerequesites (age, ability etc) you HAD to go to war.
-Women obtain federal vote in 1917 (not in Quebec) since men couldnt vote. -
League of Nations recognition
-Canada is recognized independently for their efforts in the war in the League of Nations. -
Great Depression
The Great Depression charaterizes the 1930's. It begun when people were loaning money from the banks and buying shares into companies. The companies would go out of business and the people would lose their money so they wouldnt be able to pay the loans off. -
Government solution to Great Depression
-The government proposed: Public Work Projects
Work Camps
Direct Aid
Encouraged Farming
Prime Minister Bennett (the government should intervene more often) -
New political ideologies
-The Great Depression made the government realise that Capitalism may not be the way to go.
Socialism (government intervention)
Fascism (basically a dictatorship)
Communism (the state should control everything and wages would be equally distributed) -
Statue of Westminister
Canada is rewarded with the statue of Westminister for their implication in WWI, giving them complete independance other than the ability to modify their own constitution. -
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WWII
-Since Canada had its independance from Great Britain (basically), they did not have to join the war, they did so on their own accord.
-New Conscription Crises: W.L Mackenzie : "Not necessarily conscription, but conscription if necessary".
-When the war ended, the Baby Boom resulted with lots of kids since the soldiers came home and couples were excited. -
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Duplessis Ruling
-Idealisation of the rural lifestyle: Maurice believed in "Back to the land" which was based on the traditional ways of life: farming, agriculture.
-Catholic Church promotion: Maurice gave the churches power over education. The Church promoted rural life, large families.
-Non-intervention: Maurice believed that the state should not intervene at all economically or socially. Union leaders and journalists strongly opposed this isealism. -
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Quiet Revolution
-Begins when Jean Lesage beats Maurice in the elections. It is a process of change without violence.
-The governement becomes more interventionist in social and economic affairs.
-Modernize Quebec's educational institutions
-Weaken the influence of the Church -
Office de la langue quebecois
Created to promote the french language. -
Parti Quebecois formed
Rene Levesque creates the PQ -
October Crisis
Members of the FLQ terrorist organization kidnap two political big shots and kill one of them. The War Measures Act is put in place in Quebec. -
Bill 101
-States that public signs must be in French ONLY.
-Children whose parents are immigrants or did not go to english school must attend french schools. -
Referendum of 1980
Rene Levesque holds a referendum to determine whether or not Quebecers wanted to seperate from the rest of Canada. The voting ended at 60% against, 40% for. -
Patriating the Constitution
To unify the country Pierre Trudeau met with the heads of the provinces to discuss patriating the constitution, everyone agreed except Quebec. The Charter of Rights and Freedoms passed anyways and granted Canada COMPLETE AND TOTAL INDEPENDANCE. -
Oka Crisis
When the government wanted to build a golf course on Native land, the Natives militarily organized themselves and the canadian army had to go in and handle it. The Oka Crisis lasted 78 days. Charlottetown Accord created to address the issues. -
Referendum of 1995
Another referendum was held. The results were 50.6% against and 49.4% for. close. -
Provincial and Federal responsibilities
Provincial governments have their own responsibilities and aspects of society that they control, while Federal government has their own responsibilities. Provincial: Education, Hospitals, Municipal institutions, civil laws, Federal: Military, Money, Postal service, Criminal law
