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Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella of Castile initiated a confederation of the two kingdoms that became the basis for the unification of Spain -
the King's six wives and his legendary appetite. -
She was very well-educated (fluent in five languages), and had inherited intelligence, determination and shrewdness from both parents. -
granted religious tolerance and equality to the Huguenots (French Protestants) and ended the French Wars of Religion -
explores themes of honor, idealism, and the clash between reality and imagination -
a group of Bohemian Protestants led by Count Jindřich Matyáš Thurn-Valsassina threw two Catholic governors and their secretary out of a top-floor window of Prague Castle. -
legal petition asserting a right against the English crown -
an absolute monarch and a strong, centralised state. -
an English Parliament which lasted from 1640 until 1660 -
a series of peace treaties signed between May and October 1648 in the Westphalian cities of Osnabrück and Münster. -
an example of social contract theory, which states that people should give up their individual will and desires for the greater good. -
king of Great Britain and Ireland (1660–85), who was restored to the throne after years of exile during the Puritan Commonwealth -
He was determined that Russia become and remain a great European power and carried forward the Westernizing policies in a radical and uncompromising manner. -
the series of events in 1688-89 which culminated in the exile of King James II and the accession to the throne of William and Mary -
Locke proposed that government emerges from the consent of the government to protect their natural rights -
outlined specific constitutional and civil rights and ultimately gave Parliament power over the monarchy -
leading his nation through multiple wars with Austria and its allies -
a shipwrecked sailor in Daniel Defoe's Robinson Crusoe who lives for many years on a desert island -
satirising both human nature and the "travellers' tales" literary subgenre. -
establishing educational reform, championing the arts, and extending Russia's borders in the largest territorial gain since Ivan the Terrible -
a series of reforms associated with Emperor Joseph II. -
first published anonymously by Montesquieu in 1748. -
He worked as a court musician, a composer for churches, and a music director -
indicates its aims and then presents definitions and histories of science and the arts. -
Fought between 1756 and 1763, this conflict can claim to be the original 'world war -
the story of a gentle man who, though pummeled and slapped in every direction by fate, clings desperately to the belief that he lives in "the best of all possible worlds -
the first truly British monarch of the Hanoverian kings -
asserts that only the general will of the people has the right to legislate, for only under the general will can the people be said to obey only themselves and hence be free. -
British soldiers shot into a crowd, killing three people and mortally wounding two more, during a chaotic scene on King Street in Boston -
a political protest that occurred on December 16, 1773, at Griffin's Wharf in Boston, Massachusetts. -
a series of four laws passed by the British Parliament to punish the colony of Massachusetts Bay for the Boston Tea Party. -
marked the start of the American War of Independence -
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the industrialized capitalist system that was upending the mercantilist system. -
the Congress members affixed their signatures to this parchment inside the Pennsylvania State House, later renamed Independence Hall -
joint Franco-American land and sea campaign that entrapped a major British army on a peninsula at Yorktown, Virginia, and forced its surrender -
recognized U.S. independence and granted the U.S. significant western territory. -
a symbol of the monarchy's abuse of power -
the deputies swore never to separate until they had given France a Constitution -
came into existence in the summer of 1789, -
a riot that took place during this first stage of the French Revolution -
argues for the empowerment of women in education, politics, society, and marriage -
Ratification by 9 of the 13 states enacted the new government -
women, just as men, are guaranteed natural, inalienable, sacred rights – and that political institutions are instituted with the purpose of protecting these natural rights. -
France was made a republic, abolishing the monarchy and executing the king. -
a single-chamber assembly in France from September 20, 1792, to October 26, 1795, during the French Revolution -
with the intent to defend the nation against foreign and domestic enemies, as well as to oversee the new functions of the executive government -
a period of the French Revolution, from about March, 1793, to July, 1794, during which many persons were ruthlessly executed by the ruling faction. -
a five-member committee that governed France from November 1795 to November 1799, -
marked "the instantiation of [the] modern empire" and was a "transparently masterminded piece of modern propaganda" -
a pivotal moment in the Napoleonic wars that helped seal Napoleon's eventual downfall and established England as a dominant naval power -
the first engagement of the War of the Third Coalition and one of Napoleon's greatest victories -
fought from 16 to 19 October 1813 at Leipzig, Saxony. -
a series of international diplomatic meetings to discuss and agree upon a possible new layout of the European political -
After Napoleon Bonaparte's disastrous campaign in Russia ended in defeat, he was forced into exile on Elba. -
He was denied newspapers, subjected to a curfew, watched all the time and heavily guarded, with 125 men stationed around Longwood in the day and 72 at night