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He established the Church of England (Anglican).
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Written by Martin Luther, this aimed to critique and reform the practices of the Catholic Church, particularly regarding indulgences, and marked the beginning of the Protestant Reformation. -
The New Testament translated into English by William Tyndale -
Separation of the Church of England from the Roman Catholic Church (schism) -
Major rebellion in response to the English Reformation and dissolution of the monasteries (also economic and political causes).
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The aim of the Council was to combat Protestant ideas in matters of doctrine, and to reform the Catholic clergy, who until then had been the object of violent criticism. The Council of Trent strengthened Catholic unity around the Pope, whose supremacy in matters of religion was affirmed.
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He promoted Protestantism in England, encouraging the adoption of religious reforms.
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She sought to restore Catholicism in England.
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The nickname "Bloody Mary" stems from Queen Mary I's aggressive measures to reestablish Catholicism in England, which involved persecuting and executing Protestants during her reign.
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She maintained the Church of England (Anglican) as the state church, establishing moderate Protestantism with some religious tolerance.
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abolished the authority of the Pope, restored authority of the Queen over the Church and made her "Supreme Superior of the Church of England. -
which states that every parish had to use the Book of Common Prayer, and also that people who didn't attend an Anglican service were fined. -
stated the doctrine of the Church. 3 important changes : a new eccesiology, a new doctrine of Salvation and a new definition of the sacraments and the Mass.
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an unsuccessful attempt by Catholic nobles from Northern England to depose Queen Elizabeth I of England and replace her with Mary, Queen of Scots. -
Pope Pius V declared that Elizabeth was a heretic and, as such, she was excommunicated by way of a Papal Bull (order) -
In response to the excommunication, this act made it treason for anyone to say that Elizabeth I wasn't the legitimate and true Queen. -
Repression of Catholics following their attempt to remove Elizabeth I from the throne: death penalty for those who want to convert to Catholicism (or those who already are), ban on attending Catholic masses and Anglican services become compulsory (20£ per month) -
it was a plan to assassinate Queen Elizabeth I, a Protestant, and put Mary, Queen of Scots, her Catholic cousin, on the throne. -
convicted for complicity in the Babington Plot, she is sentenced to death by Queen Elizabeth I. -
Philip II, King of Spain, loses his battle after attempting to invade England. -
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A conspiracy devised by a small group of Catholics to blow up
Parliament and kill James I. -
It marked the founding of the first permanent English settlement in North America, representing a significant milestone in the colonization of the New World. -
Period of starvation
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It is the centrepiece of the financial reforms to face the financial difficulties at this times.
It implied that the King would receive a fixed sum.
The House of Commons refused to vote in favour of the Great Contract, and it led to James dismissing Parliament. -
new English translation of the Bible -
England at war with Spain and France.
And Military defeats. It led to a huge strain on finances and the raising of troops (50 000) had important impacts on the local population. -
Parliament discussed
foreign policy, but it was the King's role.
Parliament answered with a Protestation, asserting that
Parliament’s privilege existed by right, and not by gift of the
monarch.
In response to that, James tore the Commons’ Protestation and dissolved Parliament. -
He favoured a minority wing of
Anglicans: the ARMINIANS. -
MP's requested the King to recognise the illegality of extraparliamentary taxation, billeting, martial law, imprisonment without trial.
They wanted to get Charles to recognise that there were limits to his powers.
Charles signed it but suspended
parliament seating. -
The MPs declared that whoever tried to
bring in “Popery or Arminianism” or
to alter the protestant forms of the
Church of England was an enemy
of the Kingdom.
Considering it an act of open defiance, Charles imprisoned these MPs
and dissolved parliament. -
During this period of time, the King ruled without calling a parliament.
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Scottish opposition came to the boil
when Charles I attempted to impose a
New Prayer Book (Book of Common
Prayer -
The end of the Personal Rule and the outbreak of the Civil war were caused by
crises not just in England but in Scotland and Ireland. -
Charles I’s leading opponents in
Scotland signed a
petition opposing Charles’ religious
policy.
Considered as an act of open
rebellion by Charles, it led to Scotland and England both
starting to form an army. -
Needing money to fight the Scots, Charles called
a parliament for the first time in 11 years. -
Had for conditions that Parliament should meet at least every 3 years and that the dissolution of Parliament required its consent. -
Passed by Parliament to have the army placed
under the control of a general appointed by Parliament, taking away the King’s ability to appoint whoever he wanted. -
an important document voted by Parliament after heated debates.
It summarized all the wrong doing of Charles I and concluded on
“revolutionary” demands. -
Irish Catholic rebels rose up against Protestant
settlers. -
Charles I marched into the House of Commons with troops and attempted to arrest the 5 MPs. -
The First civil war would cost the lives of 190 000 Englishmen
(in combat/from diseases) and last for four years. -
Unlike the earlier regional armies,
this was a national, centralized
army, controlled and paid from
Westminster rather than the counties. -
The King and the
Royalists surrendered. -
Issued by the Army, this social contract was influenced by the new politcal ideas (mostly about getting rid of the king).
The King escaped from army custody and allied himself with the Scots. -
Thinking the war was over, the House of Commons decided to disband the New Model Army BUT without paying the soldiers what they were due (at that point they hadn’t being paid for months).
This led to mutiny. In June 1647, the New Model Army seized the King. -
The Army wanted the King to be tried, conservative MPs wanted to negotiate with the King.
Colonel Pride (Army) entered the House of
Commons, stopped the vote and arrested the 45 conservative leader MPs. -
Monarchy and House of Lords abolished,
England was declared a Commonwealth (a republic). -
It was led by Irish Catholics but was crushed by Cromwell and his troops.
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This act was enacted to address concerns about religious dissent and to protect the Church of England from perceived blasphemy.
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England’s first and only written constitution; -
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The Protectorate was a MILITARY DICTATORSHIP
Similar to a monarchy without a King; -
Charles II issued the Declaration of Breda that promised
A general amnesty, to continue religious toleration and
to share power with Parliament in return for the restoration of monarchy.
It was accepted, leading to the Restoration. -
Monarchy is restored by Charles II.
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Rumour of a plot organised by the French to murder Charles II and replace him by his Catholic brother James II. -
Parliament attempted to debar James II from the succession to the English throne, leading to Charles II dissolving the Parliament.
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William of Orange, along with his wife Mary, was invited to take the throne from James II who succeded Charles II. It led to the establishment of the constitutional monarchy by William and Mary.
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It affirmed parliamentary supremacy, limited the powers of the monarchy, and established certain fundamental rights for citizens. -
The Act of Settlement, among other things, secured the Protestant succession to the throne and further restricted royal powers.
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Queen Anne’s War.
Britain gained Acadia over the French. -
The beginning of the Georgian era with the establishment of the House of Hanover on the British throne.
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The defeat of the Jacobite forces in this battle marked the end of the Jacobite uprisings and strengthened Hanoverian control in Britain. -
Britain gained Florida over the Spanish and (most of) Canada over the French.
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The conflict was a turning point for British history as it resulted in the loss of the Thirteen Colonies in North America. This marked the end of whatis now called the ‘First British Empire’.
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It had a profound impact on England by inspiring political and social reform movements, generating debates about governance and inequality, and influencing the broader European political landscape. -
Britain at war with France, combatting revolutionary ideology + maritime, colonial and economic motives.
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End of the Napoleonic Wars Napoléon Bonaparte defeated
by Wellington’s Army. -