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Muhammad Mi sent his third son Ismail at the head of 10,000 men across the desert and, by 1821, all of north and central Sudan was his. For the first time, the Sudan- the name means "Land of Blacks" - began to take shape as a political entity.
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Foreign traders encouraged hostile tribalgroups to raid each other for treasure including ivory and slaves
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Revolt against the Turco-Egyptian administration
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Sudan is under joint British-Egyptian rule
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the "Jallaba", a group of northern Muslim traders mostly form the Ja'aliyyin and Danagla tribes of the Nile valley, came in increasing numbers to southern Sudan, especially northern Bahr al-Ghazal which became an important source of slaves.
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in the 1920s a series of laws, the Closed Districts Ordinances placed tight controls on access to the south, the Nuba Mountains, Darfur, and Southern Blue Nile, whose peoples - after "pacification" - were now regarded as needing "protection".
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Sudan is under joint British-Egyptian rule
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Nimeiri then initiated negotiations with the southern rebels and signed an agreement in Addis Ababa in 1972 that granted a measure of autonomy to the south. Southern support helped him put down two coup attempts, one initiated by officers from the western regions of Darfur and Kordofan who wanted for their region the same privileges granted to the south.
