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Turko-Egyptian rule of Sudan
In 1821, Turko-Egyptian forces invaded and conquered Sudan. This period greatly affected Sudan’s government and economy severely. First of all, Sudan’s trade with other nations and economy boomed due to slave trade. The trade enhance the position of the traders, who were generally Northerners and increased tension between the center and the periphery of Sudan..
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British colonization of Sudan
When Britain and Egypt invaded Sudan, Britain decided to heavily invest and modernize the north while neglecting the south completely by isolating it from the rest of the world with the southern policy. Muslim was supported in the north but banned in the south where missionaries were let in to promote christianity. The north used Arabic and the south used English. These big differences led to several issues later on.
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Britain's Southern Policy
The British originally considered Southern Sudan too underdeveloped and so, not ready enough for the modern world. Thus, Britain closed Southern Sudan from the rest of the world except for the few christian missionaries. Britain intended to create a split in everything. Religion, Britain promoted Islam in the north and Christianity in the south. Language, the south spoke English and native languages while the north spoke arabic. (No exact date) (Source) (Image) -
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1st civil war in Sudan
The first civil war was, like the second civil war, an attempt by the south to rebel against the north to gain some rights in the governments. This first war formed Southern Sudan’s first few armed forces and gave South Sudan more war experience at the cost of immense civilian casualties.
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Sudan's Independence from Britain
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Nimeiri becomes president in Sudan
Nimeiri became president twice in sudan. The first time he became president by Coup d'état, he initially pursued socialism but was overthrown quickly. Later, he was elected to be president once again, this time he stayed for quite a while and broke several promises with the south, sparking the second civil war.
(Source) href='http://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/jun/05/obituary-jaafar-nimeiri' >(Image)</a> -
Oil is first discovered in Sudan
Oil being discovered in Sudan raised the hopes of southerners in Sudan that their economy would skyrocket and poverty would vanish. But unfortunately, the north had plans. The refinery was built in the north so all the profits and oil went to the north. This left the south in rage and poverty leading up to the 2nd civil war. (No exact date, simply 1978) (Source) (Images) -
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2nd Sudanese civil war
Northern Sudan, deny oil and rights to the south along with implementing Islam Sharia Law to the mostly Animist and Christian south, sparked the second civil war. The second civil war lasted for 22 years. The effects of the war on Sudan was massive. Millions, mostly civilians died from starvation and drought. Males of all ages were forced to fight for both sides. Industry was devastated and Sudan lost control of Souther Sudan. (Source) -
Omar Al Bashir becomes president
Omar Al-Bashir, Sudan’s current president first acquired power through a coup and has been ruling ever since. Although he signed an agreement in 2005 to end the 2nd civil war, he caused a lot more bad than good - Especially in the Darfur region where he is accused of several crimes against humanity. Although he refuses supporting the Arab Janjaweed militia, many suspect he is involved and the ICC has already accused him of several crimes. (Picture) (Source) -
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Darfur Conflict Starts
Darfur, a region of Sudan home to various tribes all culturally different from northern Sudan and the rest of the north African Arab world. Also, Darfur, like Southern Sudan, was underdeveloped and ignored by the government. All this and the Arab supremacist movement in the 1980s led to clashes between the ethnic groups then finally an all out war on the government of Sudan when the Darfurians felt that the government was supporting the Arabs.
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ICC declares genocide in Sudan
In 2005, the International Crimes Court declared the situation in Darfur, Sudan as a genocide. In Darfur, an Arab Militia known as the Janjaweed are recruited by the Omar Al Bashir, Sudan’s president to harass and kill specific tribes in the Darfur region. The fact that such a large organization like the ICC declared this a genocide brought the issue to everyone’s attention.
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Southern Sudan Independence
On this day, Southern Sudan gain it's independance from Northern Sudan. This marked an important period in the history of Sudan due to the massive loss of resources and a chunck of their more fertile and wetter lands. Although this ended the war, there are still fights over oil rich lands
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