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Thomas Savery patented a pump with hand-operated valves to raise water from mines by suction produced by condensing steam. Another Englishman, Thomas Newcomen, several years later developed a more efficient steam engine with a piston separating the condensing steam from the water. -
The flying shuttle caused an economic boom as it allowed for greater production rates at a cheaper cost than using hand-weaving techniques. This also increased the demand for cotton textiles, leading to Europeans' increased reliance on imported raw materials such as cochineal insects. -
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It was the first important technical innovation in the textile industry, since it gave the possibility of one person doing the work of eight with the same effort. It is considered a symbol of the industrial revolution, since it is said that it was what opened the doors to this stage. -
The spinning jenny was a machine used for spinning wool or cotton it helped to usher in the Industrial Revolution in the textile industry. -
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By issuing the Declaration of Independence, adopted by the Continental Congress on July 4, 1776, the 13 American colonies severed their political connections to Great Britain. The Declaration summarized the colonists' motivations for seeking independence. -
A power loom is a mechanized loom, and was one of the key developments in the industrialization of weaving during the early Industrial Revolution. -
New Hampshire became the ninth state to ratify. Three months later, Congress adopted the Constitution as the law of the land. -
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The United States Declaration of Independence and French declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen were both documents standing for freedom and equality. -
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People stormed and captured the place; this dramatic action came to symbolize the end of the ancien régime. -
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen adopted, eventually became the preamble of the constitution adopted -
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The execution of Louis XVI was one of the most important events of the French Revolution. This execution was carried out in the Plaza de la Revolución, previously known as Plaza de Luis XV. -
Treaty of Basel means the cession of Spanish territory of La Española or Saint-Domingue to France. -
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The opening of the Estates General, in Versailles, also marked the start of the French Revolution. The last grand ceremony of the Ancien Régime was held in Versailles: the procession of the Estates General. From all over France, 1,200 deputies had arrived for the event. -
Faced with a France governed by a discredited Directory and threatened by possible internal revolts in favor of the monarchy, Napoleon led the coup d'état of the 18th of Brumaire. -
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The Treaty of San Ildefonso was a secret agreement signed between Spain and France during the Napoleonic Wars. -
Napoleonic Code, which influenced civil law codes across the world, replaced the fragmented laws of pre-revolutionary France, recognizing the principles of civil liberty, equality before the law (although not for women in the same sense as for men), and the secular character of the state. -
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The Battle of Trafalgar was a naval battle that took place within the framework of the third coalition initiated by the United Kingdom, Austria, Russia, Naples and Sweden to try to overthrow Napoleon Bonaparte from the imperial throne and dissolve existing French military influence in Europe. -
The military victory of Napoleon's Grande Armée at Austerlitz brought the War of the Third Coalition to an end, with the Peace of Pressburg signed by the French and Austrians later in the month. These achievements did not establish a lasting peace on the continent. -
Napoleon decreed, from his Palace in Berlin, a blockade of the British Isles and forbade all British goods and commerce entering the continent. This came to be known as the 'continental' blockade since de facto most of the European continent was under French influence. -
Robert Fulton successfully tested a prototype steamboat for river use, he launched the Clermont, a paddle-wheel boat that soon proved capable of transporting passengers and commercial cargo miles up and downstream. -
Su nombre se reconoce enseguida como la victoria del Ejército español sobre las tropas francesas. Y lo es por el impacto y el significado que tuvo. Ante todo, supuso la primera derrota importante del ejército de Napoleón, que sufrió en un día miles de bajas: 2600 muertos y 17 000 prisioneros. -
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The supporters of the Prince of Asturias provoked an uprising against King Charles IV and his ruler Godoy. This event ended with the arrest of the king and the abdication of the king in favor of his son, Fernando VII. -
The rebellion, mainly by civilians, with some isolated military action by junior officers, was against the occupation of the city by French troops, and was violently repressed by the French Imperial forces, -
The Abdications of Bayonne took place The Abdications of Bayonne took place to renounce the throne in his favour. -
The independence of Colombia was the historical process that ended the period governed by the Spanish Empire in the current territory of the country. -
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was a revival of the traditional cortes (Spanish parliament), which as an institution had not functioned for many years, but it met as a single body, rather than divided into estates as with previous ones -
The Luddites were members of a 19th-century movement of English textile workers who opposed the use of certain types of cost-saving machinery, and often destroyed the machines in clandestine raids. -
It is the first properly Spanish Constitution, since the Statute of Bayonne of 1808 was still a “Granted Charter” marked by the Napoleonic seal. -
It is an agreement signed in the French town of the same name, by which Emperor Napoleon I offered peace and recognized Ferdinand VII as king of Spain. -
The Treaty of Fontainebleau ceded all the territory of French colonial Louisiana west of the Mississippi River, along with New Orleans, to Spain. A map of the territory of Louisiana and New Orleans ceded by France to Spain during the Treaty of Fontainebleau -
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The Battle of Waterloo was a battle that took place near Waterloo, a town in modern-day Belgium located about twenty kilometers south of Brussels. -
loose organization of most of the European sovereigns, formed in Paris by Alexander I of Russia, Francis I of Austria, and Frederick William III of Prussia when they were negotiating the Second Peace of Paris after the final defeat of Napoleon. -
the first labour organizations to bring together workers of divergent occupations were formed. Possibly the first such union was the General Union of Trades, also known as the Philanthropic Society, founded in Manchester -
in the house of Francisca Bazán de Laguna. The decision to become independent was taken by the Congress of Tucumán -
is a document declaring the independence of Chile from the Spanish Empire. Approved by Supreme Director Bernardo O'Higgins -
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It was a machine used to spin cotton and other fibers. They were used extensively from the late 18th century to the early 20th century in factories in Lancashire and elsewhere. -
Stephenson's Stockton & Darlington Railway was the first publicly subscribed railway to use steam locomotives. It carried freight from collieries near Shildon to Darlington and Stockton-on-Tees in County Durham. -
revolutionary wave in Europe which included two "romantic nationalist" revolutions, the Belgian Revolution in the United Kingdom of the Netherlands and the July Revolution in France along with rebellions in Congress Poland, Italian states, Portugal and Switzerland. -
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The confiscation of Mendizábal consisted of the expropriation of ecclesiastical lands and their public auction. These lands had come to the Church through donations, inheritances and intestates (successions of dead people without heirs). -
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The Communist Manifesto (German: Das Kommunistische Manifest), originally the Manifesto of the Communist Party (Manifest der Kommunistischen Partei), is a political pamphlet written by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, commissioned by the Communist League and originally published in London -
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The resulting text, the Constitution of 1869, reflected the progressive and democratic set of ideals: it returned to the concept of national sovereignty as its source, which strengthened representative institutions, and an ambitious declaration of rights was included which, for the first time, stipulated the freedom of worship
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The Treaty of Versailles was the primary treaty produced by the Paris Peace Conference at the end of World War I. -