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FLYING SHUTTLE
It was the first step in the mechanization of the loom and significantly increased the productivity of the weavers -
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FIRST INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
he high cost of labor, in relation to the cost of energy and capital, encouraged the adoption of new technologies that saved on work and therefore made investment in innovation profitable. -
SPINNING JENNY
designed to manufacture threads or yarns of fibers such as wool or cotton in a mechanized way. It was developed in Great Britain in the 18th century by Richard Arkwright and John Kay. -
INVENTION OF THE STEAM ENGINE
It was invented to move machinery in factories, mills, pumping stations and transportation applications. -
WATER FRAME
Developed in Britain during the early stages of the Industrial Revolution by Richard Arkwright -
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AMERICAN REVOLUTIONARY WAR
The American Revolutionary War was a war that pitted the original Thirteen British Colonies in North America against the Kingdom of Great Britain. -
U.S DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE
the unfair treatment that Great Britain inflicted on the colonists, since they contributed wealth and taxes to the metropolis but did not have the means to decide on said taxes, so they felt marginalized and not represented. -
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THE CONVENTION
The convention was held in the Pennsylvania State House during the hot summer of 1787. The windows were kept closed and guards posted so that others could not hear the discussions. Rhode Island refused to send delegates to the convention. -
ADOPTION OF THE U.S CONSTITUTION
Representatives of the 13 colonies in North America announced their formal separation from Great Britain and the creation of the autonomous United States of America. -
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REIGN OF CHARLES IV
Charles IV began the exile in which he would live the rest of his life; being the first monarch of the Spanish Modern Age. -
ADOPTION OF THE DECLARATION OF THE RIGHTS OF MAN AND OF THE CITIZEN
It became a fundamental legacy of the French Revolution that has universal value, and formed the basis of the United Nations Declaration -
CONVOCATION OF THE ESTATES GENERAL
The representatives of the common people rebelled against the voting system and created the National Assembly, which would start the French Revolution -
The calling of the Estates General
Louis XVI decided to call together the Estates General in order to increased taxes. -
THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY
The third estate proposed a new voting system in which each representative would have an individual vote. -
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NATIONAL AND CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY
there were attempts by King Louis XVI and the Second Estate to prevent the delegates from meeting, as well as misunderstandings on both sides about each other's intentions. -
STORMING OF THE BASTILLE
The people of France took the fortress of the Bastille, starting one of the most important revolutions in history -
THE CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY
A new constituent assembly was elected to write a constitution. -
ADOPTION OF THE FIRST FRENCH CONSTITUTION
It proclaimed economic freedom and completed the right to resist oppression with the right to rebellion. -
DECLARATION OF THE RIGHTS OF MAN AND THE CITIZEN
It started that all men are born free and equal in their rights and adopted a constitution. -
THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY
It was dominated by two groups, the Girondins and the Jacobins. -
EXECUTION OF LOUIS XVI
Louis XVI was the only king of France to be executed, and his death ended more than a thousand years of continuous French monarchy. -
THE CONVENTION
Louis XVI was accused of treason and then executed in January. One moth later, some European countries formed a coalition and declared war on France. -
THE DIRECTORY
France's moderate middle class had gained control of the country, and they estabilished the Directory. -
TREATY OF BASEL
He put an end to the War of the Convention between the two countries that had begun in March 1793 and had been a disaster for the Spanish monarchy, -
TREATY OF SAN ILDEFONSO
It was a military alliance signed between Spain and France in 1796, with France embarked on the wars of its revolutionary period. -
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NAPOLEONIC EMPIRE
It had a very profound effect by carrying the liberal ideas of the French Revolution throughout Europe, unleashing the fall of the Ancien Regime in much of the continent. -
NAPOLEON´S COUP D´ÉTAT
Napoleon Bonaparte overthrew the Directory in France and replaced it with the French Consulate -
THE CONSULATE
There was a military copu and General Napoleon Bonaparte established a new form of goverment called the consulate -
INVENTION OF THE LOCOMOTIVE
have facilitated the transportation of all types of merchandise, the mobilization of people, as well as the emergence of cities, towns and neighborhoods -
ADOPTION OF THE NAPOLEONIC CIVIL CODE
some of the changes made during the revolution are preserved, the same age of majority at 21 for girls and boys -
BATTLE OF TRAFALGAR
within the framework of the third coalition initiated by the United Kingdom, Austria, Russia, Naples and Sweden to try to overthrow Napoleon Bonaparte from the imperial throne and dissolve the existing French military influence in Europe -
BATTLE OF AUSTERLITZ
The disproportion of forces made the Russian and Austrian officers think that they had a great advantage, but Bonaparte made up for his numerical inferiority with strategy and won the victory. -
ESTABLISHMENT OF THE CONTINENTAL BLOCKADE
Napoleon decreed the continental blockade of Great Britain, prohibiting trade in Europe with British products. -
LAUNCH OF THE FIRST STEAMSHIP
Built by the American engineer Robert Fulton. The ship made its first successful voyage in 1807, sailing down the Hudson River from New York to Albany. -
TREATY OF FONTAINEBLEAU
The Treaty of Fontainebleau was signed in the French city of Fontainebleau between the respective representatives -
REVOLT OF ARANJUEZ
A king saw his own son take the crown from him as a result of a popular riot -
UPRISING OF THE PEOPLE OF MADRID
The people of Madrid took up arms against the French troops that Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte had sent to occupy the Iberian Peninsula, thus beginning the Spanish War of Independence -
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WAR OF INDEPENDENCE
It was a war in the context of the Napoleonic Wars, which pitted Spain, the United Kingdom and Portugal against the French Empire. -
ABDICATIONS OF BAYONNE
The Bayonne abdications were the successive resignations of Ferdinand VII and Charles IV from the throne of Spain in favor of Joseph Bonaparte, in 1808. -
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REIGN OF JOSEPH I
José Bonaparte was not recognized in the American colonies either and never managed to reign over all Spanish territory, with Cádiz as the capital of patriotic Spain. -
BATTLE OF BAILÉN
The Battle of Bailén was fought during the Spanish War of Independence and was the first defeat in the open field in the history of the Napoleonic army. -
CONVOCATION OF THE COURTS OF CADIZ
The task of the Cortes of Cádiz was to create a liberal legislative body on which to create a new social order that would put an end to the class society that had characterized Spain until that moment. -
INDEPENDENCE OF COLOMBIA
The independence of Colombia was the historical process that ended the period ruled by the Spanish Empire in the current territory of the country. -
INDEPENDENCE OF MEXICO
The independence of Mexico was the consequence of a political and social process resolved by arms that put an end to Spanish rule through a multifaceted civil war that took place in most of the territories of New Spain. -
APPEARANCE OF THE LUDDITES
It was a movement of destroyers of machines that involved thousands of artisans and skilled workers in England, which forced, in the middle of the Napoleonic War, to mobilize thousands of soldiers to repress them. -
TREATY OF VALLENÇAY
It is an agreement signed in the French town of the same name, by which Emperor Napoleon I offered peace and recognized Ferdinand VII as king of Spain, as a consequence of the defeats suffered in the War of Independence. -
APPROVAL OF "LA PEPA"
It was promulgated by the Spanish Cortes Generales, made up of deputies from America, Asia and the Peninsula, meeting extraordinarily in Cádiz. -
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ABSOLUTIST SEXENIO
The monarch recovered political power through the coup d'état of General Francisco Javier Elío against the Regency -
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VIENNA CONGRESS
18 de septiembre de 1814 hasta el 9 de junio de 1815.
The objective of the Congress was to restore the absolute monarchs to the throne and restore the territorial order prior to the advent of Bonaparte and the French Revolution. -
BATTLE OF WATERLOO
The French army commanded by Napoleon Bonaparte was defeated by the British and Prussian armies in the War of Waterloo. -
CREATION OF THE HOLLY ALLIANCE
After the defeat of Napoleon, the monarchies of Russia, Austria and Prussia established an alliance in 1815 whose objective was the maintenance in Europe of the status -
INDEPENDENCE OF ARGENTINA
The Declaration of Independence of Argentina was a decision made by the Congress of Tucumán, by which it declared the formal breaking of the ties of political dependence of the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata with the Spanish monarchy. -
INDEPENDENCE OF CHILE
For most of the process, a civil war took place between "royalists", Chileans who supported the integrity of the Spanish monarchy, and "patriots", Chileans who supported independence -
FIRST LIBERAL REVOLUTIONARY WAVE
Small groups of bourgeois created different secret societies, the best known being the Freemasons. Through coups d'état or military pronouncements, they attempted to re-establish the liberal principles derived from the French Revolution. -
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TRIENIO LIBERAL
It constitutes the intermediate stage of the three into which the reign of Fernando VII is conventionally divided, being after the Absolutist Sexennium and before the Ominous Decade. -
INDEPENDENCE OF PERU
General of the Argentine Army José de San Martín, as part of his liberating expedition, proclaimed the independence of Peru in the Plaza de Armas of Lima -
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CONSULATE
Its main functions are to interact with citizens who come or reside in that country or locals who have to carry out some procedure with the national administration. -
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OMINOUS DECADE
corresponds to the last phase of the reign of Ferdinand VII of Spain, after the Liberal Triennium, in which the Constitution of Cádiz governed -
FIRST COMMERCIAL TRAIN
Allows public transportation over long distances and faster -
CREATION OF THE FIRST TRADE UNIONS
It appears properly at the end of the 16th century, as a consequence of industrialism and the accentuated contrast -
PRAGMATIC SANCTION
concerns fundamental aspects of the State, regulating issues such as dynastic succession or other -
SECOND LIBERAL REVOLUTIONARY WAVE
Popular intervention favored the defeat of aristocratic power in Western Europe. -
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CHARTIST MOVEMENT
They defended the traditional monarchy, the rights of the Church and the privileges, while the liberals demanded profound political reforms through a constitutional and parliamentary government. -
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REGENCY OF MARIA CHRISTINA
constitutes the first period of the minority of Isabel II of Spain. -
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FIRST CARLIST WAR
The first Carlist war was a civil war that took place in Spain between the Carlists, supporters of the infante Carlos María Isidro de Borbón and an absolutist regime. -
POWER WEAVING LOOM
It was the result of the evolution of the handloom, using a mechanical unit to connect and synchronize all the mechanisms. -
EXPORTATION OF MENDIZÁBAL
Mendizábal consisted of the expropriation of ecclesiastical lands and their public auction. These lands had come to the Church through donations and inheritances -
THIRD LIBERAL REVOLUTIONAY
The Modern Age closes and the Contemporary Age begins -
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REGENCY OF ESPARTERO
The regency of Espartero was the last period of the minority of Isabel II of Spain, so called because, after the triumph of the revolution of 1840 that put an end to the regency -
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EFFECTIVE REIGN OF ELIZABETH II
It is divided into three major stages: the moderate decade, the progressive biennium and a new moderate period -
DRAFTING OF THE COMMUNIST MANIFESTO
It was published in a first printed edition by the Workers' Educational Association in London. Although the Manifesto announced that it would be published in English, French, Italian, Flemish and Danish, it was initially only distributed in German. -
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ITALIAN UNIFICATION
The unification process was, in a large part of the peninsula, the product of the will of the ruling classes of the majority of the pre-unitary Italian regions and states, which for reasons not only ideal, but also geopolitical and economic, conditioned the vote. and the success of the plebiscites called by Cavour, favorable to annexation to the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia. -
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LEGISTLATIVE ASSEMBLY
Parliament possesses legislative supremacy and thereby holds ultimate power over all other political bodies in the United Kingdom and the Overseas Territories. -
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DIRECTORY
The House of Representatives and the Senate approved the publication of an updated version of Lanman's Congressional Dictionary by the newly established Government Printing Office -
EXPOROPRIATION OF MADOZ
declared all rural properties, urban properties, censuses and forums belonging to the State, the clergy and any others belonging to dead hands in a state of sale. -
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FIRST INTERNATIONAL
Fight for economic emancipation and the abolition of class society. Abolition of child exploitation and improvement of women's working conditions. -
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GERMAN UNIFICATION
Customs unification took place that added Prussia to other German States previously associated in this matter. However, due to differences between Austria and Prussia, the process of political unification could not be carried out in the first half of the 19th century. -
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PROVISIONAL GOVERNMENT
Two days after the elections, the Republic is proclaimed and King Alfonso XIII leaves Spain. -
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REIGN OF AMADEUS OF SAVOY
His reign in Spain, lasting just over two years, was marked by political instability. -
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SECOND INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
interrelated changes that occurred between approximately 1870 and 1914, when the First World War began. -
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FIRST REPUBLIC
The First Spanish Republic was the political regime in force in Spain since its proclamation by the Cortes when the general's pronouncement led to the restoration of the Bourbon monarchy. -
FOUNDATION OF THE PSOE
It was founded in Madrid on May 2, 1879 by the ferrolan typographer Pablo Iglesias Posse, constituting one of the oldest workers' parties in Europe, only surpassed by the Social Democratic Party of Germany. -
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SECOND INTERNATIONAL
the socialist and labor parties that wanted to coordinate their activity. -
CONSTITUTION OF 1869
National sovereignty, universal suffrage, conception of the Monarchy as a constituted power and declaration of rights were established. -
SPINNING MULE
It manufactured threads or yarns from fibers such as wool or cotton in a mechanized way. -
FUNDATION OF THE CNT
The National Confederation of Labor is a confederation of unions with anarchist ideology, specifically the anarcho-syndicalist branch of Spain. -
TREATY OF VERSAILLES
The Treaty required the new German Government to surrender approximately 10 percent of its prewar territory in Europe and all of its overseas possessions.