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INVENTION OF THE STEAM ENGINE
It was a steam engine invented by Thomas Newcomen, it was a solution for pumping water from the mines. -
PRAGMATIC SANCTION
It was a decree emited by the Roman Emperor Charles VI to make sure that his daughter Maria Theresa would get to the throne. -
WATER FRAME
It was an innovative textile machine developed by Richard Arkwright during the Industrial Revolution. It was powered by either hydraulic or steam power. -
TREATY OF FONTAINEBLEAU
It was a treaty signed between Napoleon Bonaparte and Charles IV of Spain. This agreement agreed to the division of Portugal between France and Spain. -
SPINNING JENNY
It was a textile machine invented by James Hargreaves during the Industrial Revolution. It allowed an operator to spin several strings of yarn simultaneously, increasing yarn production. -
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FIRST INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
Was a period of economic and technological transformation that took place in Britain,. -
FLYING SHUTTLE
It was an innovation in the textile industry created by John Kay, this was a shuttle that allowed a weaver to handle wider weaves and increase the speed of weaving. -
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AMERICAN REVOLUTIONARY WAR
Was a conflict in which the American colonies fought against Great Britain in order to be free from them. -
U.S. DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE
It was a declaration created by the United States, writed principally by Thomas Jefferson, in which the principles of equality, liberty, and inalienable rights were characteristic. -
TREATY OF SAN ILDEFONSO
It was a secret agreement signed between France and Spain, in the treaty it put the cession of Louisiana, which Spain possessed in North America to France. -
SPINNING MULE
It was an invention invented by Samuel Crompton, it was a textile machine that combined the characteristics of the Spinning Jenny and that of the Water Frame. -
POWER WEAVING LOOM
It was an important invention in the Industrial Revolution, invented by Edmund Cartwright, this invention allowed the automation of the weaving process, replacing manual labor. -
ADOPTION OF THE U.S. CONSTITUTION
It was a constitution adopted by the United States in the 18th century, which established the structure of the federal government, separated powers between branches, and guaranteed civil rights. -
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REIGN OF CHARLES IV
During this period, Spain was affected by internal problems and by external conflicts, such as the Napoleonic Wars. -
THE CALLING OF THE ESTATES GENERAL
Louis XVI called the estates general and told them to increase taxes. -
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NATIONAL ASSEMBLY
In this first period of the french revolution, it was demanded a constitution and a new voting system where every epresentative had one vote. The king refused and the members from the third state declared themselves the representatives. -
STORMING OF THE BASTILLE
It was an event that occurred in Paris marking the beginning of the French Revolution. Citizens asalted the Bastille prison, this event symbolizes the rejection of the old regime. -
THE DECLARATION OF RIGHTS
In reaction to many riots in the streets of Paris and the attack to Bastille, there were reforms like the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen. -
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CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY
In this period, the king finally agreed to the third estate's demand. It was also elected a new constituent assembly where it was written a constitution. -
ADOPTION OF THE DECLARATION OF THE RIGHTS OF MAN AND OF THE CITIZEN
It was a declaration made during the National Assembly in France. This document proclaimed fundamental rights and individual freedoms. -
ADOPTION OF THE FIRST FRENCH CONSTITUTION
It was a constitution adopted in France at the end of the 18th century. It established a constitutional monarchy and limited the powers of the king, as well as the principles of separation of powers. -
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LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY
In this period, it was elected a new legislative assembly. There where two groups: the Girodins and the Jacobins. Lous XVI refused to the legislative assembly and asked for support to Austria. -
FRANCE DECLARED REPUBLIC
In respose to the rejection of Louis XVI to the reforms of the Legislative Assembly, the assembly rejected the monarchy and France turned to a republic. -
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THE CONVENTION
In this period the monarchy was abolished and it was declared a republic. Then one year later Lous XVI was accused of treason and then executed. A month later it was declared a war in France. The Jacobins took the control in the goverment and 42000 people were executed. -
EXECUTION OF LOUIS XVI
It was the execution of the last king of France. It occurred during the French Revolution, he was sentenced to death by guillotine for treason by the National Convention. -
TREATY OF BASEL
It was a treaty signed in the late 18th century that ended the war of the First Coalition. It was negotiated between France, Prussia and later also Spain, establishing peace and reconfiguring the borders. -
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THE DIRECTORY
In this period it was established the directory. And the middle class took the control of the country. The goverment was composed by 5 members. -
MILITARY COUP
Napoleon Bonaparte made a military coup in France and established a new form of government. Five years later he became emperor. -
THE CONSULATE
In this period it was established a new form of govement called the consulate. This goverment was formed by three leaders included the General Napoleon Bonaparte. -
LAUNCH OF THE FIRST STEAMSHIP
The first steamship was created in the early 19th century by the Scottish engineer William Symington. -
ADOPTION OF THE NAPOLEONIC CIVIL CODE
It was a civil code adopted in France and created by Napoleon. It was a code that established civil laws, based on principles of equality before the law, private property, and individual liberty. -
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NAPOLEONIC EMPIRE
It was a time of military conquest and political influence throughout Europa. It ended in the Battle of Waterloo in 1815. -
BATTLE OF TRAFALGAR
It was a battle that took place during the Napoleonic Wars. It was a naval conflict between the British and Franco-Spanish fleets. That was later a victory for the British. -
BATTLE OF AUSTERLITZ
It was a battle that took place during the Napoleonic Wars. It was a conflict between France and the Austro-Russian army. Napoleon won a tactical victory against them. -
ESTABLISHMENT OF THE CONTINENTAL BLOCKADE
It was a policy thought by Napoleon through the Berlin decree in 1806. It aimed to economically isolate the British Isles by prohibiting trade in them. -
REVOLT OF ARANJUEZ
It was a revolt that took place in Spain during the reign of Charles IV. The revolt led to the abdication of Charles IV and contributed to the Spanish War of Independence. -
UPRISING OF THE PEOPLE OF MADRID
It was a popular revolt that took place in Madrid against the French occupation during the Spanish War of Independence. This event marked the beginning of the Spanish resistance. -
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WAR OF INDEPENDENCE
It was a conflict between Spain and the Napoleonic occupation. Spain, with the help of Britain, managed to defeat the French forces -
ABDICATIONS OF BAYONNE
The Bayonne Abdications occurred during the Napoleonic occupation of Spain. These abdications were part of Napoleon's plan to put his brother José Bonaparte on the Spanish throne. -
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REIGN OF JOSEPH I
It was a historical period, where Napoleon Bonaparte's brother, Joseph I, ruled in Spain during the War of Independence. -
BATTLE OF BAILÉN
It was an important conflict during the Spanish War of Independence that took place in Spain. It was the first significant defeat of Napoleon's troops. -
CONVOCATION OF THE COURTS OF CADIZ
It was a meeting of the Cortes Generales in Cadiz, this assembly was very important during the Spanish War of Independence. It established principles of constitutional monarchy, separation of powers, and individual rights. -
APPEARANCE OF THE LUDDITES
It was a Luddite movement that took place mainly in England. The Luddites were textile workers and artisans who protested against industrial machinery, as they feared that machines would replace their jobs. -
APPROVAL OF "LA PEPA"
It was a constitution that took place in Cadiz, it was a liberal and progressive constitution that established principles such as national sovereignty, division of powers and individual rights. -
TREATY OF VALLENÇAY
It was a treaty that was signed between Napoleon Bonaparte and Alexander I of Russia. This treaty marked the end of Napoleon's period of exile on the island of Elba. -
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ABSOLUTIST SEXENIO
It was a period in which Fernando VII restored monarchical absolutism after the War of Independence. -
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VIENNA CONGRESS
It was a congress where the major European powers met to reorganize the continent after the Napoleonic Wars. -
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ITALIAN UNIFICATION
It was a movement that develop in Italy, where Garivaldi and Cavour played roles in forming a unified nation. -
BATTLE OF WATERLOO
It was a battle that took place in Belgium during the Napoleonic Wars. The British forces, supported by the Prussian forces, managed to defeat the French forces. -
CREATION OF THE HOLY ALLIANCE
It was an alliance created by the monarchs of Russia, Austria, and Prussia. This alliance was based on the principles of Christianity and was intended to foster cooperation between states and suppress liberal and revolutionary movements. -
INDEPENDENCE OF ARGENTINA
Argentina's independence was declared at the congress of Tucumán, a group of representatives of the Argentine provinces proclaimed independence from Spain. -
INDEPENDENCE OF CHILE
Chile's declaration of independence from Spain marked the beginning of a process that ended with the formal proclamation of 1818. A key event is the Battle of Maipú. -
INDEPENDENCE OF COLOMBIA
Colombia declared its independence from Spain, with the historic Cry of Independence in Bogota. The fight for independence continued for years until it ended with victory at the Battle of Boyacá in 1819. -
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TRIENIO LIBERAL
It was a short period of liberal reforms, including the adoption of a constitution in 1820. -
FIRST LIBERAL REVOLUTIONARY WAVE
It was a series of movements in various European countries in search of constitutionalism and liberal reforms, as a result of economic difficulties, political discontent and the desire for constitutional government. -
INDEPENDENCE OF PERU
The leader of Peru's independence, General José de San Martin, played a very important role in liberating several South American countries. The formal proclamation of independence that took place in Lima put an end to Spanish lead over Peru. -
INDEPENDENCE OF MEXICO
Mexico declared its independence from Spain with the independence movement initiated by Miguel Hidalgo's Grito de Dolores. The struggle for independence continued for a decade until the formal declaration was reached. -
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Ominous Decade
It was a period characterized by the restoration of absolutism under the reign of Fernando VII. During this period, the liberal gains made in the Trienio Liberal were out. -
FIRST COMMERCIAL TRAIN
It was invented in England by George Stephenson. It was designed to transport coal and used steam locomotives. This innovation marked the start of the Railroad Age. -
INVENTION OF THE LOCOMOTIVE
Invented by the British engineer George Stephenson, the first steam locomotive he designed, called the ''Rocket'', featured a multi-tube boiler and exhaust pipe. This event transformed transportation and contributed to the Industrial Revolution. -
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CHARTIST MOVEMENT
It was a political and social movement carried out in Great Britain, where the rights of the working class were defended, as well as representation in parliament among others. -
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REGENCY OF MARIA CHRISTINA
It was a period in which there was political instability, Carlist wars and there were power struggles in politics in Spain. -
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EFFECTIVE REIGN OF ELIZABETH II
Elizabeth II of Spain, born on October 10, 1830 in Madrid, was queen from 1833 to 1868. Her reign was marked by political conflicts, including the Revolution of 1868, which led to her exile in Paris, where she died on April 9, 1904. -
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FIRST CARLIST WAR
It was a war that took place in Spain, where Liberals were against Carlists, in which the Liberals won in 1839. -
CREATION OF THE FIRST TRADE UNIONS
This event took place during the Industrial Revolution, they faced legal restrictions, there were unions that defended labor rights, fair salaries among others. -
EXPROPRIATION OF MENDIZÁBAL
This event refers to the confiscation of ecclesiastical properties in Spain. It aim to reduce the influence of the churches and increase state revenues. -
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REGENCY OF ESPARTERO
It was a period in which Baldomero Espartero, as regent for Queen Isabel II, was characterized by political and social issues. -
DRAFTING OF THE COMMUNIST MANIFESTO
This was a document with communist ideas written by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, it has communist principles, it was in favour of the working-class and against of the capitalism. -
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GERMAN UNIFICATION
It was a period in which Otto von Bismarck was leading, and there was a process of German unification, in which there was conflict with countries such as: Denmark, Austria, France. -
SECOND LIBERAL REVOLUTIONARY WAVE
It was a series of movements that extend across Europe as a result of political issues and demands for reforms. It looked for important changes. -
EXPROPRIATION OF MADOZ
It was a Spanish Confiscation Law created by the Spanish politician Pascual Madoz. This law had the aim of redistribute church and communal lands to estimulate economic development. This had a profound change like transformation in land ownership and economic changes in Spain. -
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FIRST INTERNATIONAL
It was a period characterized by the participation of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels in promoting labor rights all over the world. -
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PROVISIONAL GOVERNMENT (SERRANO)
It was a period led by General Francisco Serrano, characterized by the objective of leading Spain towards a more constitutional and liberal monarchy. -
CONSTITUTION OF 1869
It was a constitution that established the first federal republic in Spain. It introduced principles such as universal male suffrage, liberty of expression, and separation of church and state. -
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REIGN OF AMADEUS OF SAVOY
It was a period in which Amadeo I of Savoy reigned in Spain, there was political and economic instability and it marked the end of the first Spanish republic. -
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FIRST REPUBLIC
It was a period that took place after the abdication of Amadeo I, there was political and social instability, internal conflicts and economic challenges. -
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SECOND INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
It was a period that was characterized by technological advances, increasing industrial production and marking a significant change in the economy and society. -
FOUNDATION OF THE PSOE
The Spanish Socialist Workers' Party, founded by Pablo Iglesias Posse in Madrid, aimed to represent the interests of the working class and defend socialist principles. -
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SECOND INTERNATIONAL
It was a movement that fought to join socialist and labour parties, and to promote international cooperation between workers' movements. -
FOUNDATION OF THE CNT
The National Confederation of Labour was founded in Barcelona. It was an anarcho-syndicalist trade union with a revolutionary character. It played an important role in labor conflicts, libertarian communism, and the establishment of a society based on solidarity. -
TREATY OF VERSAILLES
It was the treaty of peace they put in the first world war. It was signed in France, and imposed economic reparations that led to territorial changes. -
THIRD LIBERAL REVOLUTIONARY WAVE
It was a series of social movements and student protests that occurred around the world. Aspirations for social and political change in search of greater equality and freedom were shown.