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German States: Frederick William III of Russia
Frederick William III ruled Russia during the tumultuous Napoleonic War, and the end of the Holy Roman Empire. He was also a cause of the near war with Prussia, England, France, and Austria by siding with Alexander I over a partition within the Congress of Vienna. -
Russia: Tsar Alexander I
Alexander began his reign in 1801, and remained in power until 1825. Alexander implemented policies encouraging public education reforms, but failed to abolish serfdom. -
France: Reign of Louis XVII
Louis XVIiI was known as "The Desired" and ruled the French monarchy from 1814 to 1824. He was from the House of Bourbon and ended Napoleons Rule of a Hundred Days. -
German States: Germanic Confederation Established
The German Confederation is an association of German states created at the Congress of Vienna which replaced the Holy Roman Empire from 1815 to 1866. -
Great Britain: Peterloo Massacre
A large crown of 60,000+ in Manchester, England gathered to demand the reform of representation in Parliament. Hundreds of members of cavalry attacked the peaceful protesters leaving 18 dead, and over 700 seriously injured. -
Russia: Tsar Nicholas I
Nicholas reigned as Tsar from 1825 to 1855, and was also the King of Poland. He overcame the Decembrist revolt, a rebellion against himself, and was one of the most reactionary leaders of Russia. He is known as a conservative with a corrupt bureaucracy. -
Low Countries: Union of the Netherlands and Belgium
At the Congress of Vienna in 1815, King William I declared that Belgium and The Netherlands were to unite and form one state. Protests erupted, showing Belgian discontent, ultimately leading to Belgium's independence. -
Low Countries: Belgian Independence
After multiple uprisings, revolution began in Brussels, Belgium in 1830.The rebels enlisted help from outside cities as they rebelled against the Dutch and reclaimed Belgian independence. -
Russia: Polish Uprising
Nicholas I´s brother, Grand Duke Constantine persuaded Nicholas to enforce a constitution that displeased the Poles, leading them to become angry with Nicholas. On November 29th, 1830, the Polish people and army started an outbreak in Warsaw where the Grand Duke was beheaded. -
France: July Revolution
This was the second French Revolution lead by French liberals who were unsatisfied with Charles X's conservative policies. It ended the reign of the House of Bourbon of Charles X, and began the reign of the House of Orleans. The revolt lasted through "Three Glorious Days." -
Italian States: King Charles Albert of Piedmont
Reigning from 1831 to 1849 in Sardinia, Charles Albert endured the tumultuous period that unified Italy, the Risorgimento. This King lead the way for the unification of Italy. -
Russia: Suppression of the Polish Revolt
The Polish army was well trained but was outnumbered by the Russian army 2 to 1. After a battle in Right Bank Ukraine, the Polish army was defeated by Tsar Nicholas I. -
Austrian Empire: Emperor Ferdinand I
Ruling from 1835 to 1848, Ferdinand I was the son of Francis II, a previous Holy Roman Emperor. He abdicated his throne in 1848 and was the last Habsburg to rule Bohemia. -
France: Establishment of Second Republic
After the Revolution of 1848, the second republic was established which ended the July monarchy of King Louis-Philippe. Napoleon III was elected, implementing many conservative policies. -
German States: revolution in Germany
The revolution was caused by the doubling population which lead to poverty struggles In the countryside, as well as social and economic problems. -
German States: Frankfurt Assembly
German Parliament met in Frankfurt in hopes of establishing a new constitution that supported a liberal and nationalist society. -
Revolt in the Austrian Empire: Metternich dismissed
Metternich attempted to hold the empire together, but the nationalism of ethnic groups in the empire started to brew. Louis Kossuth lead the Magyar, a radical Hungarian group, and led Metternich to flee Vienna for fear of revolution. -
Austrian Empire: Viennese rebels crushed
Austrian soldiers refused to fight against revolutionary Hungary, gaining support from the citizens of Vienna. Troops were sent in and over 2,000 revolutionaries died, while there were only 200 army casualties. -
Austrian Empire: Francis Joseph I
Francis Joseph took the throne as Emperor of the dual monarchy Austria-Hungary in 1848 when predecessor Metternich fled Vienna during revolution. He was emperor of the last completely Catholic monarchy (Austria-Hungary), reigning until 1916. -
Italian States: Revolutions in Italy
At this time, Italy was not unified and was partially ruled by the Austrians. Liberals and nationalists who wanted a liberal government began a revolt, hoping to gain independence from the conservative Austrian power. -
Italian States: Charles Albert attacks Austrians
King Albert Charles, ruler of Sardinia, wanted to unite Italy with the Bishop of Rome, and declared war on Austria in March of 1848 and attacked the Quadrilateral. He loses at the Battle of Custoza on July 24th, 1848 and was no match for the Austrian Empire. -
France: Election of Louis Napoleon as French President
Earning over 5 million votes, he won one of the most remarkable elections in France. The nephew of Napoleon I declared that he would restore France's lost glory and prosperity, advance and ensure a happy future for every group and social class in the country. -
France: June Days (Workers' Revolt in Paris)
Thousands of Parisian workers were cut off from state payroll, leading them to take to the streets in protest. 1,500 rebels were killed and over 12,000 were arrested. -
Italian States: Austrians reestablish control in Lombardy and Venetia
After the Italian revolution was lost to the Austrians, their dream of independence was lost. In 1849, Piedmont was lost to the Austrians and Charles Albert was forced to abdicate the throne, leaving Victor Emanuel II, his son, to rule. -
Great Britain: The Reform Act
The Reform Act created 62 new constituencies, outlawed women's suffrage, and gave all householders the right to vote as long as they paid a 10 euro price each year. This was a major bill that allowed a greater amount of Englishmen to vote.
