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Period: 1492 to
Modern History
It started with the discover of America and it finished with the French and Liberal Revolutions -
Contemporary History
The Era in which we are nowadays. It is known for the technological advances. It starts with de French Revolution -
Estates-General meeting
It was an assembly with the third states ( Nobility, King and Third State, bourgeoise) to decide the will of French people. Louis XVI convenes the assembly for the fiscal enquiry. Privileged estates demand a vote per estate, rather than per representative. -
Tennis Court Oath (Proclamation of the National Assembly)
The third state were expelled from the assembly. So, they decided to keep their meetings just for them at the Pavillon of Tennis Court Oath -
Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
It caused the abolishment of feudalism -
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French Revolution
It began in 1789 with the National-Assembly and finished at 1799 with the putsch of Napoleón Bonaparte -
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Constitutional Monarchy
It took place during the first phase of the Revolution. Their tried to make France a constitutional and parliamentary monarchy. So they created the National Constituent Assembly. -
Storming of the Bastille
When the Paris population were aware of the expulsion of the Third States from the assembly, they attacked Bastille, they killed the guards of the prison and they walked around Paris with their heads cut off. -
Women’s March on Versailles
Women were angry because of their lack of rights, they marched to Versailles and entered the royal family palace in order to protest. They caused the King to move to Paris -
First French constitution
It was based on the separation of Powers, national sovereignty and legal equality. It introduced the Census Suffrages (people with a certain level of wealth could vote) -
Storm of Tuileries Palace
During the Social Republic, the common people led a revolt by storming Tuileries Palace and imprisoning the royal family. -
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Social Republic
The common people led a revolt by storming Tuileries Palace and imprisoning the royal family. This provoked the declaration of a republic and the final of the first phase of the Revolution -
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Girondin Convention
The Girondins were the moderate bourgeoisie and they controlled the Republic, they created the National Convention and executed the King and Queen -
Execution of Louis XVI
Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette were convicted of treason and executed. This provoked an absolutist coalition in Europe against France -
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Jacobin Convention
The Jacobins were a radical sector of the bourgeoisie. They were led by Robespierre and created a new constitution and a Committee of Public Safety. They also imposed the Reign of Terror. -
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Reign of Terror
It was imposed by the Jacobins to stop conspirators during the Austrian Invention. It caused several executions by guillotine, which was called the Law of Suspects. It also introduced the Law of the Máximum, related to prices and salaries. -
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Conservative Republic
It started the third phase of the Revolution. The moderate bourgeoisie were in control again and cancelled the Jacobin laws and the Reign of Terror. They created a new constitution which was called Directory; it faced opposition from the aristocracy. -
War of the First Coalition
The King was a subject to the what the population wanted him to do. So, one day, he tried to escape from France, but he was caught around the border. This caused the French Republic because of the discontent of the population with the Royalty. -
Coup of 18th Brumaire
Is the pustch led by Napoleon that caused the final of French Republic. -
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The Consulate
It began by naming Napoleon consul. It was a period of autocratic and authoritarian rule. With this Consulate Napoleon wanted to end the political instability of the Revolution -
Constitution of 1800
It represented the new political system, but it didn't include the separation of Powers or the declaration of rights. Also, liberties were limited and public opinion was controlled. -
Napoleon crowned emperor
The Pope crowned him as emperor in 1803 when he began his conquest -
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The Napoleonic Empire
Napoleon´s conquest of Europe secured him with the Crown of Emperor by the Pope in 1804. He defeated most European monarchies, he ended controlling most of the continent. -
Invasion of Spain and Joseph Bonaparte crowned king
They invaded Spain by telling its royalty that the wanted to invaded Portugal. Napoleon made his brother Joseph King of Spain. -
Invasion of Spain and Joseph Bonaparte crowned king
After the invasion of Spain, Joseph Bonaparte, Napoleon's brother, was crowned king of Spain. -
Congress of Viena
It was an evernt organised by the Austrian Chancellor Metternich with the powers that had defeated Napoleon (Russia, Britain, Austria and Prussia). Their goal was to stop the spread of liberal ideas and to restore absolutism. They redesigned the European map, they established the principles of the Restoration, they denied national sovereignty and they accorded periodic meetings and the right of intervention to maintain the balance of power between them. -
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The Restoration of absolutism
This process begun with the Congress of Viena when the absolutists monarchies in Europe came together to fight agains liberal ideas. It ended with the revolutions of 1830 and 1848. -
Battle of Waterloo
This represented the falled of Napoleon, becaue his armies were defeated by Great Britain and Prussia.After that, Napoleon abdicated and was exiled to death. Finally, he died at 1821 at Saint Helena. -
Battle of Waterloo
In this battle France was defeated by Great Britain and Prussia. It marks the end of the Napoleonic Empire, because after the battle Napoleon abdicated. He was sent into exile on Saint Helena. -
Holy Alliance Treaty
It was treaty signed by the absolutist monarchs where they promised to unite against any liberal revolution. -
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Greek War of Independence
Greece was part of the Ottoman Empire, but they were unhappy because they had to pay high taxes, weren't allowed to participate in state administration and the Turks had another culture and religion. In 1822 the Greeks declared their independence and were supported by a lot of European liberals. They defeated the Ottoman Empire in 1827, and it recognised their independence in 1830. -
Revolutions of 1830
It was a movement prompted by liberalsm and nationalism tha had significant popular support. It began in France when Charles X, an absolutist king, was overthown and replaced by Louis Philipe I, a constitutional monarch. -
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The Age of the Revolutions
The revolutions of 1830 and 1848 ended the restoration of absolutism that had begun in 1815 with the Congress of Viena. They presented new liberal and democratic ideal, demostrated the importance of workers and promoted universal suffrage. -
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The Belgian Revolution
The Congress of Viena created the Kingdom of the Netherlands in 1815 by joining the Kingdom of Holland with Belgium. Belgium declared itself independent and became a liberal monarchy ruled by Leopold I. After an armed conflict, the Netherlands recognised Belgium's independence in 1839 -
Zollverein
It was a customs union that unified the majority of the German states. It was made by Prussia. -
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German Unification Process
In 1834 the Zollverein was created by Prussia. The 1st freely elected German parliament offered the German crown to the king of Prussia in 1848, but he rejected it because the German parliament was liberal. In 1861 Wilheim I became king of Prussia and he made Otto von Bismarck chancellor. Prussia declared war to Dennmark, Austria and France in 1862, 1866 and 1870 respectively, and won all the wars. In 1871, Wilheim I was made Kaiser of the Second German Empire (Reicht). -
Revolutions of 1848
Also called the Spring of Nations, these revolutions happened in European countries under the control of empires. Nationals had spread and many countries wanted to create liberal govenments. They took place in Viena, where chancellor Metternich was forced to resingn, Hungary, Bohemia, Italy and the German Confederation. I France a Second Republic was proclaimed and it adopted democratic measures.
These revolutions were suppresed, but they showed the emergence of democratic ideals. -
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French Second Republic
It was republic proclaimed by a popular uprising in France during the Spring of Nations. This republic adopted several democratic measures, like universal male suffrage, press freedom or the abolition of death penalty. It also demostrated the importance of workers as a political force and recognised some of their rights.
