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INVENTION OF THE STEAM ENGINE
A pump with hand-operated valves to raise water from mines by suction produced by condensing steam. -
PRAGMATIC SANCTION
An edict issued by Charles VI to ensure that the Habsburg hereditary possessions could be inherited by a daughter. -
FLYING SHUTTLE
Machine that represented an important step toward automatic weaving. -
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First Industrial Revolution
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WATER FRAME
A spinning machine powered by water that produced a cotton yarn suitable for warp (lengthwise threads). -
SPINNING JENNY
One hand-powered wheel but eight spindles. -
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American Revolutionary War
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WAR OF INDEPENDENCE
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U.S. DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE
The Declaration summarized the colonists' motivations for seeking independence. By declaring themselves an independent nation, the American colonists were able to confirm an official alliance with the Government of France and obtain French assistance in the war against Great Britain. -
TREATY OF SAN ILDEFONSO
Spain agreed in principle to exchange its North American colony of Louisiana for territories in Tuscany. -
SPINNING MULE
This machine made it easier to produce cotton yarn and thread. The spinning mule allowed one person to work more than 1,000 spindles at the same time. -
LAUNCH OF THE FIRST STEAMSHIP
It was built in France in 1783 by Marquis Claude de Jouffroy and his colleagues as an improvement of an earlier attempt, the 1776 Palmipède. -
POWER WEAVING LOOM
The power loom utilized a system of gears, pulleys, and belts connected to a steam engine or other power sources. -
ADOPTION OF THE U.S. CONSTITUTION
The Constitution of the United States established America's national government and fundamental laws, and guaranteed certain basic rights -
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REIGN OF CHARLES IV
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CONVOCATION OF THE ESTATES-GENERAL
This assembly was composed of three estates – the clergy, nobility and commoners – who had the power to decide on the levying of new taxes and to undertake reforms in the country. -
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The National Constituent Assembly
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The National Assembly
A new voting system was proposed in which each individual had a vote. Since the King refused, the Third Estate declared themselves the true representatives of the nation. -
STORMING OF THE BASTILLE
Fears that King Louis XVI was about to arrest France's newly constituted National Assembly led a crowd of Parisians to successfully besiege the Bastille -
ADOPTION OF THE DECLARATION OF THE RIGHTS OF MAN AND OF THE CITIZEN
The basic principle of the Declaration was that all “men are born and remain free and equal in rights” -
ADOPTION OF THE FIRST FRENCH CONSTITUTION
It limited the powers of the monarchy of France, delegated legislative powers to an elected National Assembly, and created an elected judiciary. -
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Legislative Assembly
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The Convention
Louis XVI is executed for treason, and war is declared on France from other European countries -
EXECUTION OF LOUIS XVI
Louis XVI was found guilty of treason and condemned to death. -
TREATY OF BASEL
The cession of Spanish territory of La Española or Saint-Domingue to France. -
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Directory
France's middle class establish a more conservative government ruled by five members -
NAPOLEON'S COUP D'ÉTAT
It overthrew the system of government under the Directory in France and substituted the Consulate, making way for the despotism of Napoleon Bonaparte. -
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Napoleonic Empire
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Consulate
There is a military coup and General Napoleon Bonaparte establishes a government consisting of three leaders with himself as First Consul. -
ADOPTION OF THE NAPOLEONIC CIVIL CODE
It replaced the fragmented laws of pre-revolutionary France. -
INVENTION OF THE LOCOMOTIVE
British mining engineer, inventor and explorer Richard Trevithick debuted the first full-scale working railway steam locomotive in the Welsh mining town of Merthyr Tydfil. -
BATTLE OF TRAFALGAR
It helped seal Napoleon's eventual downfall and established England as a dominant naval power. -
BATTLE OF AUSTERLITZ
The first engagement of the War of the Third Coalition and one of Napoleon's greatest victories. -
ESTABLISHMENT OF THE CONTINENTAL BLOCKADe
Continental System, in the Napoleonic wars, the blockade designed by Napoleon to paralyze Great Britain through the destruction of British commerce. -
REVOLT OF ARANJUEZ
An 1808 uprising against Charles IV that took place in the town of Aranjuez. -
UPRISING OF THE PEOPLE OF MADRID
The uprising was stopped but the stories of heroism of the people of Madrid and the cruelty of the French soldiers inspired others to join the fight against Napoleon. -
ABDICATIONS OF BAYONNE
The name given to a series of forced abdications of the Kings of Spain, Charles IV and his son Ferdinand VII. -
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REIGN OF JOSEPH I
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BATTLE OF BAILÉN
The Spanish forces attacked the French at various points on the Guadalquivir river forcing the French away from the region. -
INDEPENDENCE OF COLOMBIA
Colombia effectively achieved its independence from Spain by 1819, and the country was recognized by the United States in 1822. -
INDEPENDENCE OF MEXICO
Mexico fought a long battle for independence against Spain. -
INDEPENDENCE OF CHILE
Military and political event that allowed the emancipation of Chile from the Spanish Monarchy. -
CONVOCATION OF THE COURTS OF CADIZ
A revival of the traditional cortes (Spanish parliament), which as an institution had not functioned for many years. -
APPEARANCE OF THE LUDDITES
The original Luddites were British weavers and textile workers who objected to the increased use of mechanized looms and knitting frames. -
APPROVAL OF "LA PEPA"
The Constitution of Cádiz among other things limited the power of the monarchy, the abolished feudalism, provided equality between Spanish born Spaniards and Americans, and ended the Spanish inquisition. -
TREATY OF VALLENÇAY
The agreement provided for the withdrawal of French troops from Spain, and the restoration of Ferdinand VII of Spain. -
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Vienna Congress
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TREATY OF FONTAINEBLEAU
The Treaty of Fontainebleau ceded all the territory of French colonial Louisiana west of the Mississippi River, along with New Orleans, to Spain. -
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ABSOLUTIST SEXENIO
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BATTLE OF WATERLOO
It concluded a war that had raged for 23 years, ended French attempts to dominate Europe, and destroyed Napoleon's imperial power forever. -
CREATION OF THE HOLY ALLIANCE
The Holy Alliance was a coalition created in 1815 by the monarchist great powers of Russia, Austria, and Prussia to prevent revolutionary influences in Europe. -
INDEPENDENCE OF ARGENTINA
A secessionist civil war fought from 1810 to 1818 by Argentine patriotic forces. -
CREATION OF THE FIRST TRADE UNIONS
As an organized movement, trade unionism (also called organized labour) originated in the 19th century in Great Britain. -
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TRIENIO LIBERAL
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INDEPENDENCE OF PERU
The Liberating Expedition of Peru, under the command of Argentine General José de San Martín, landed on the Peruvian coast from Chile. The royalty abandoned Lima, fortified themselves in Cusco, and General San Martín proclaimed the independence of the Peruvian State. -
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OMINOUS DECADE
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FIRST COMMERCIAL TRAIN
Both the goods and passenger traffic were operated by scheduled or timetabled. -
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REGENCY OF MARIA CHRISTINA
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FIRST CARLIST WAR
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Chartist Movement
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EXPROPRIATION OF MENDIZÁBAL
The government wished to use the land to encourage the enterprises of small-land owning middle class. -
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REGENCY OF ESPARTERO
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EFFECTIVE REIGN OF ELIZABETH II
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FIRST LIBERAL REVOLUTIONARY WAVE
One series of revolutions occurring in various locations within a similar time-span. -
SECOND LIBERAL REVOLUTIONARY WAVE
One series of revolutions occurring in various locations within a similar time-span. -
THIRD LIBERAL REVOLUTIONARY WAVE
One series of revolutions occurring in various locations within a similar time-span. -
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Italian Unification
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DRAFTING OF THE COMMUNIST MANIFESTO
The Communist Manifesto reflects an attempt to explain the goals of Communism, as well as the theory underlying this movement. -
EXPROPRIATION OF MADOZ
A law that declared for sale all rural and urban land belonging to the State and the clergy was established. -
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First International
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German Unification
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PROVISIONAL GOVERNMENT (SERRANO)
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CONSTITUTION OF 1869
The constitution restored the universal manhood suffrage established by the Constitution of 1812, and declared also the freedom of the press, the freedom of assembly and the freedom of association. -
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REIGN OF AMADEUS OF SAVOY
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Second Industrial Reolution
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FIRST REPUBLIC
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FOUNDATION OF THE PSOE
The Spanish Socialist Workers' Party is a social-democratic political party in Spain. -
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Second International
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FOUNDATION OF THE CNT
The CNT was founded in Barcelona in a congress of the Catalan trade union Solidaridad Obrera (Workers' Solidarity) with the objective of constituting an opposing force to the then-majority trade union, the socialist UGT. -
TREATY OF VERSAILLES
The Treaty of Versailles was signed by Germany and the Allied Nations on June 28, 1919, formally ending World War One.