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John Locke
He believed that everyone started with a blank page and could be affected throught the events and people around them. -
Louis XIV
He was the king of France and put on heavy taxation and controlled a absolute monarchy. -
Isaac Newton
English mathmatician and physicist who discovered the role of gravitation in the world we know today. -
Britain's Domestic Stability
They believed in religious toleration, freedom of press, and a small army. -
Voltaire
Votaire criticized french life and believed that the French could improve their lives by modeling after the British. -
Voltaire Famous slogan
"Crush the Infamous Thing" -
Print Culture
Spread the ideas of writers and the public became more educated and literate. -
Deism
They believed that religion and reason could be combined and that god must be rational. -
Philosophes
The intellectuals of the 18th century enlightenment were people who would provide education for other thinker in those times. -
Madame de Tencin
She helped her husband rise to power and stay by conversing with her friends and spreading good word. -
William Pitt
He agreed with many other leaders and would discourage popular uprisings. -
Louis XV
Unable to solve taxation disputes with parlament. -
Frederick II of Prussia
Thought that reforms and innovations would increase his revenue. -
John Jacques Rousseau
His political philosophy influenced the French Revolution as well as the overall development of modern political era. -
Denis Diderot
He was a leading publisher to the encyclopedia and put it together with over 100 writers. -
Jean le Rond d' Amembert
Helped Denis Diderot publish and organize the Encyclopedia when the authors were finished. -
Adam Smith
Believed that economic liberty was the foundation for a successful economy. -
Immanuel Kant
German philosopher who is widely considered to be a central figure of modern philosophy and also believed in human experience. -
The Encyclopedia
It had two objectives to seclarize learning and to replace intellectual assumptions. -
Catherine II of Russia
Longest female ruler of Russia and believed in the ideas of Joseph and Frederick. -
Edmund Burke
Britsh statesman who condemmed the recolution for it's extreme measures. -
Jacques Necker
Issued a report blaming the aristocratic government for France's finnancial troubles. -
Charles Alexandre de Calonne
He proposed new taxes and organzed the assembly of notables and claimed they had no authority. -
Cesare Beccaria
Attacked torture and captial punishment and wrote "On Crimes and Punishments". -
Joseph II of Austria
Was a strong believer in future inventions to achieve maximum revenue. -
Baron de Montesquieu
Held British constitution as an example of the wisest model for regulating power. -
Louis XVI
Continued the legacy of his father and fought for more taxation with the parlament. -
Louis XVIII
Maderates charter angers royalists who carried out attacks on Mapoleon's allies and he preffered to respond with repressive measures. -
William Blake
Was an English painter, poet and printmaker who was a big writer of poetry during the French Revolution. -
Maximillian Robespierre
Powerful member of the committee of safety and he established the cult of supreme being. -
Jaques Danton
First president of the committee of public safety and was a leading figure in the early stages of the French Revolution. -
Jean Jacques Rousseau
Envised a society in which each individual could maitain personal freedom. -
Napoleon Bonaparte
A french military and political leader that thrived during the French Revolution and conquered many lands. -
Duke of Wellington
Defeated Napoleon in battle of Waterloo. -
William Wordsworth
Wordsworth was a major English Romantic poet who, with Samuel Taylor Coleridge, helped to launch the Romantic Age -
Lord Liver Pool
He was an English politician and both the youngest and longest-serving Prime Minister since 1806. -
Samuel Taylor Coleridge
Was an English poet, literary critic and philosopher who, with his friend William Wordsworth, was a founder of the Romantic Movement in England -
Three Estates
The first estate was the nobility, the second estate was the clergy, and the last estate was made up of wealthy members in the proffessional middle class. -
Methodism
John Wesley founded methodism in England based on the idea that helping the poor is the main goal. -
Lord Byron
He was an English poet and a leading figure in the Romantic movement. -
Cahiers de Doleances
List of grievances presented to the monarchy for equality amoung the king's subjects. -
National Constituent Assembly
The third estate left after the assembly and gathered at a tennis court and to take an oath of loyalty. -
Bastille
800 people of the France area stormed the prison and released prisoners as a act of rebellion towards the government. -
Great Fear
Peasants felt they were reclaiming what was rightfully theirs but it had been taken from them by the aristocracy. -
Declaration of Rights of Man
Set forth by the national assembly, claimed that all men were born free and deserved equal rights. -
Jacobins
They desired more radical reform and demanded the clergy who refused to take the oath to support the civil constitution to do so or lose state pensions. -
Plebiscite
The plebicite became popular after the french revolution and made Napoleon emperor of France. -
Nationalism
They justified French expansionism and French military campaigns on the claim that France had the right to spread the enlightened ideals of the French Revolution across Europe. -
Civil Constitution of the Clergy
The result of the reconstruction of the Roman Catholic Church into a branch of the secular state. -
Paris Commune
A small group that temporarily had a lot of power in France. -
Mary Wollstronecraft
Adressed shortcoming and critiqued A vindication of the rights of woman. -
Active Citizens
Men paying taxes within three days were allowed to vote. -
Girondists
Ordered the imigrants to return from the border and for the clergy to take an oath or lose pensions but Louis XVI vetoed these laws. -
September Massacre
The Paris Commune killed 1,200 people in jail. -
Republic
The convention declared France a republic and Louis XVI was executed. -
Liberal
Anyone or anything that challenged their own political, social or religious values and were typically influenced by enlightenment writers. -
Levee en masse
Was a military conserition that forsaw all adult men into the army of France. -
Departements
83 departements replaced ancient provinces. -
The Commity of General Security
Along with the committe of public safety they watched the reign of terror and tried to protect the new creations. -
Committe of Public Safety
Worked with the committe of General security to carry out executive duties of the government. -
Cult of Supreme Being
Civic religion modeled after views of Rousseau and encouraged the execution of key republicans. -
Metric System
Artisan organizations set up this system and suppressed guilds. -
Sans - culottes Revolutionaries
They served as victims as persecutors to support the cause. -
Constitution of the Year III
Provided a new legislature of two houses consisting of the upper body and lower council that had nearly 540 members. -
Plebiscite
The Plebiscite became popular after the french revolution and made Napoleon emperor. -
The Consulate
Made a new constitution during the French Revolution that made Napoleon the top of the list. -
The Consulate
Made a new constitution during the French Revolution that made Napoleon the top of the list. -
Romanticism
Was an artistic, literary, and intellectual movement that originated in Europe toward the end of the 18th century. -
Concordat
It solidified the Roman Catholic Church as the majority church of France and brought back most of its civil status. -
Victor Hugo
He was a French poet, novelist, and dramatist of the Romantic movement. -
Goethe Schlegal
With his older brother, August Wilhelm Schlegel, he was one of the main figures of the Jena romantics. -
Napoleonic Code
Codification of French Law and is established in all territories that French forces conquer. -
Third Coalition
Consisted of Austria, Germany, Russia, and Sweden who banned together to defeat France. -
Confederation of Rhine
Confederation of client states that enabled the French to unify and dominate. -
French Invasion of Russia
Russian armies fell against Napoleon as he invaded the Russian territory with great speed but the russian armies burned down their own towns so that Napoleon would have no resources for his army. -
Austrian Prince Metternich
He believed that recognizing minority rights would destroy his empire. -
Abdication and Ebla
Napoleon Bonaparte was exiled by the Allied governments to Elba following his abdication at Fontainebleau. -
Congress of Vienna
The early 19th century nationalists oppossed congress and didnt allow for individual representation of ethnic groups. -
Charter
It was a constitution granted by King Louis XVIII of France shortly after his restoration. It granted more authority to the monarch than Louis XVIII. -
Battle of Waterloo
Napoleon and The Duke of Wellington fought in the territory of Britain and Napoleon was defeated. -
Quadruple Alliance
Britain, Russia, Austria, and Prussia all came together against the French and Napoleon to finally put him down. -
Burschenschaften
Student organization at the German universities that started as an expression of the new nationalism prevalent in post-Napoleonic Europe. -
Coercion Act of March 1817
It was an act of Parliament that suspended Habeas Corpus and extended existing laws against seditious gatherings in Britain. -
Supremacy of the Imagination
William Blake proclaimed the supremacy of the imagination over the rationalism and materialism of the 18th-century. -
Conservatism
Was dominated by monarchies landed aristocracies and established churches. -
Peterloo Massacre
Liberal crowd gathers in Machester Sain Peter's fiel. Militia moved in and killed 11 people. -
Six Acts
They designed at intimidating agitators and limiting their free speech. -
Concert of Europe
Informal meetings with European power after congress of vienna. In 1820 they began to fail. -
Protocol of Troppau
Russia, Prussia have an agreement that stables government oppurtunity to intervene in coutries experiencing a revolution to restore order. -
The conservative order shaken in Europe
Sercret socities begin to form to try to unite the people against the government and some soldiers hear rumors of a corrupt government and begin to spread the word. -
Decembrists Revolt
The russian army join Tsar Nicholas in the Moscow regiment. They fire artillery at the enemies and killed many of them. -
Northern and Southern Society
They are formed to unite Russian protestars to focus on the issues at hand. -
Movements of Independence
Many revolutions and revolts against nationalism proved that it was failing and that a new type of government needed to be established. -
Primogeniture
Charles X restored the rule to primogenitre and supported the Catholic church and gave special rights to decendants of enigres. -
July Monarchy
Parisians responded by staging massive protests against charles the tenth. -
Frederick III of Prussia
Reneged on his pledge to create constitutional government and resisted aspirations by German nationalists to dissolve order.
