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Muhammad Mi sent his third son Ismail at the head of 10,000 men across the desert, and all of north and central Sudan was his. For the first time, the Sudan- the name means "Land of Blacks" - began to take shape as a political entity.
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Muhammad Ahmad, the son of a Dongola boat-builder, was born in 1844.
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Muhammad ibn Abdalla proclaimed himself the Mahdi, or the "expected one," and began a religious crusade to unify the tribes in western and central Sudan.
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The tribes of the west rallied to the Mahdi's call for a war against the infidels and despots and, early in 1884, the Mahdi was master of all Sudan save Khartoum.
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A series of laws, the Closed Districts Ordinances, placed tight controls on access to the South, the Nuba Mountains, Darfur, and Southern Blue Nile, whose peoples were now reguarded as needing "protection".
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Southern Policy was abandoned after the Juba Conference organized by the colonial government, at which Southern chiefs agreed with northern nationalists to pursue a united Sudan.
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The United Kingdom and Egypt concluded an agreement providing for Sudanese self-government and self-determination.
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Southerners were not represented at the 1953 Cairo Conference on self-rule, on the grounds that they had "no party or organization".
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A group of communist and socialist officers led by Colonel Gaafar Muhammad Nimeiri, seized power.
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Nimeiri then initiated negotiations with the southern rebels and signed an agreement in Addis Ababa that granted a measure of autonomy to the south.
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The scales against the peace agreement were tipped when Chevron discovered oil in the south.
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Soldiers revolted instead of following orders that sent them to the North, provoking the second Civil War.
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Shari'a Law was incorporated into the government's legal system.Two punishments that could result from this Islamic code, are amputations for theft, and public lashings for lchohal possession.
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Nimeiri was overthrown because a popular uprising in Khartoum started by a collapsing economy, war in the South, and political repression.
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The Government of Sudan and the SPLM/A reached a historic agreement on the role of state and religion and the right of southern Sudan to self-determination.
